diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 341064b44..f3dc40a10 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -80,6 +80,16 @@ jobs:
             exit 1
           fi
 
+      - name: PostgreSQL global-traffic heartbeat regressions
+        run: |
+          set -o pipefail
+          go test ./internal/web/service -run '^TestGlobalTrafficHeartbeatPostgres$' -count=1 -v | tee /tmp/postgres-global-traffic-heartbeat.log
+          passed=$(grep -c -- '^--- PASS' /tmp/postgres-global-traffic-heartbeat.log || true)
+          if [ "$passed" -ne 1 ]; then
+            echo "expected 1 passing global-traffic heartbeat test, got $passed" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
       - name: PostgreSQL deferred-commit test
         run: |
           set -o pipefail
diff --git a/docs/architecture.md b/docs/architecture.md
index b2e1e959c..b9000176c 100644
--- a/docs/architecture.md
+++ b/docs/architecture.md
@@ -386,6 +386,17 @@ A client reset is queued per hosting node in `model.NodePendingReset` (`service/
 and replayed by the node sync until the node accepts it.
 Periodic resets: `job/periodic_traffic_reset_job.go` (keyed off `Inbound.TrafficReset`).
 
+Cross-panel totals are stored per master GUID and hosted email, separately from local
+`client_traffics`. Directional counter changes, including lower values and resets, persist
+on the next push. Identical totals refresh only when the persisted timestamp is at least
+one hour old; pushes still send the same batches. Display and quota reads retain the
+inclusive 24-hour persisted-row freshness window. Full-list snapshots remain local-only,
+while slim/detail reads and downstream forwarding retain their global overlays.
+
+The heartbeat coarsens liveness, not counter propagation: an idle master can expire up to
+one hour earlier relative to its final unchanged push. Active hourly refresh leaves roughly
+23 hours of missed-push margin. No cache, external service or configurable interval is added.
+
 ### 5.4 Background jobs (cron)
 
 All registered in `web.go` → `startTask()`. Each is a struct with a `Run()` method in `internal/web/job/`:
diff --git a/internal/database/model/client_global_traffic.go b/internal/database/model/client_global_traffic.go
index b260f79e0..322968e81 100644
--- a/internal/database/model/client_global_traffic.go
+++ b/internal/database/model/client_global_traffic.go
@@ -1,15 +1,7 @@
 package model
 
-// ClientGlobalTraffic mirrors a master panel's aggregated (global) usage for a
-// client hosted on this panel. Masters push one row per (master, email) so the
-// node can display the client's true cross-panel total and enforce its quota
-// locally. The values never feed back into client_traffics — that table keeps
-// this panel's local-only counters, which is what keeps every master's
-// delta-baseline accounting over our snapshot correct.
-//
-// Rows are overwritten in place on every push (not max-merged), so a traffic
-// reset on the master propagates here within one push cycle. Readers that need
-// a single number fold the per-master rows with MAX.
+// ClientGlobalTraffic separates each master's aggregate from local client_traffics for delta accounting; readers fold with MAX.
+// Changed totals (including resets) overwrite on the next push; UpdatedAt tracks changes or hourly unchanged heartbeats.
 type ClientGlobalTraffic struct {
 	Id         int    `json:"id" gorm:"primaryKey;autoIncrement"`
 	MasterGuid string `json:"masterGuid" gorm:"uniqueIndex:idx_master_email,priority:1;not null"`
diff --git a/internal/nodee2e/node_sync_test.go b/internal/nodee2e/node_sync_test.go
index 410b13ea1..22fa26a29 100644
--- a/internal/nodee2e/node_sync_test.go
+++ b/internal/nodee2e/node_sync_test.go
@@ -342,3 +342,119 @@ func runNodeSyncScenarios(t *testing.T, bin, scope string) {
 		}
 	})
 }
+
+func panelTraffic(t *testing.T, p *panel, email string) (int64, int64) {
+	t.Helper()
+	var tr struct{ Up, Down int64 }
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(p.call(http.MethodGet, "/panel/api/clients/traffic/"+email, nil), &tr); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return tr.Up, tr.Down
+}
+
+func enrollTrafficNode(t *testing.T, master, node *panel) {
+	t.Helper()
+	token := node.mintToken("traffic-upstream", "node-sync")
+	master.call(http.MethodPost, "/panel/api/nodes/add", map[string]any{
+		"name": node.name, "scheme": "http", "address": "127.0.0.1", "port": node.port, "basePath": "/",
+		"apiToken": token, "enable": true, "allowPrivateAddress": true,
+	})
+}
+
+func TestNodeGlobalTrafficHeartbeatChain(t *testing.T) {
+	bin := panelBinary(t)
+	root := newPanel(t, bin, "traffic-root")
+	middle := newPanel(t, bin, "traffic-middle")
+	leaf := newPanel(t, bin, "traffic-leaf")
+	const email = "chain-usage"
+	localIDs := make(map[*panel]int)
+	makeClient := func() map[string]any {
+		client := vlessClient(email)
+		client["subId"] = "chain-sub"
+		return client
+	}
+	for _, p := range []*panel{root, middle, leaf} {
+		p.start()
+		var ib inboundView
+		obj := p.call(http.MethodPost, "/panel/api/inbounds/add", vlessInbound(p.name, freePort(t), nil, makeClient()))
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(obj, &ib); err != nil || ib.Id == 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("%s local inbound=%s err=%v", p.name, obj, err)
+		}
+		localIDs[p] = ib.Id
+	}
+	enrollTrafficNode(t, middle, leaf)
+	enrollTrafficNode(t, root, middle)
+	eventually(t, 90*time.Second, "chain adopts all zero-traffic baselines", func() (bool, string) {
+		rootCount, middleCount := len(root.inbounds()), len(middle.inbounds())
+		return rootCount == 3 && middleCount == 2, fmt.Sprintf("root inbounds=%d middle inbounds=%d", rootCount, middleCount)
+	})
+	waitUsage := func(p *panel, up, down int64) {
+		t.Helper()
+		eventually(t, 90*time.Second, p.name+" converges global traffic", func() (bool, string) {
+			gotUp, gotDown := panelTraffic(t, p, email)
+			return gotUp == up && gotDown == down, fmt.Sprintf("%s usage=%d/%d want %d/%d", p.name, gotUp, gotDown, up, down)
+		})
+	}
+	root.call(http.MethodPost, "/panel/api/clients/updateTraffic/"+email, map[string]any{"upload": 100, "download": 200})
+	middle.call(http.MethodPost, "/panel/api/clients/updateTraffic/"+email, map[string]any{"upload": 10, "download": 20})
+	leaf.call(http.MethodPost, "/panel/api/clients/updateTraffic/"+email, map[string]any{"upload": 1, "download": 2})
+	for _, p := range []*panel{root, middle, leaf} {
+		waitUsage(p, 111, 222)
+	}
+	pushRoot := func(up, down int64) {
+		root.call(http.MethodPost, "/panel/api/inbounds/pushClientTraffics", map[string]any{
+			"masterGuid": "synthetic-upstream", "traffics": []map[string]any{{"email": email, "up": up, "down": down}},
+		})
+	}
+	pushRoot(900, 800)
+	waitUsage(middle, 900, 800)
+	waitUsage(leaf, 900, 800)
+	pushRoot(500, 400)
+	waitUsage(middle, 500, 400)
+	waitUsage(leaf, 500, 400)
+	// Each panel independently produced local usage; resetting an overlay cannot erase it.
+	// Reset those producers through their real API before testing forwarded zero counters.
+	for _, p := range []*panel{leaf, middle, root} {
+		p.call(http.MethodPost, "/panel/api/clients/resetTraffic/"+email, nil)
+	}
+	pushRoot(0, 0)
+	for _, p := range []*panel{root, middle, leaf} {
+		waitUsage(p, 0, 0)
+	}
+	leaf.stop()
+	pushRoot(77, 88)
+	waitUsage(middle, 77, 88)
+	leaf.start()
+	waitUsage(leaf, 77, 88)
+	for _, p := range []*panel{leaf, middle, root} {
+		p.call(http.MethodPost, "/panel/api/clients/del/"+email, nil)
+	}
+	for _, p := range []*panel{root, middle, leaf} {
+		eventually(t, 90*time.Second, p.name+" deletes chain client", func() (bool, string) {
+			for _, ib := range p.inbounds() {
+				if ib.client(email) != nil {
+					return false, fmt.Sprintf("%s retains %s", p.name, email)
+				}
+			}
+			return true, ""
+		})
+	}
+	for _, p := range []*panel{leaf, middle, root} {
+		p.call(http.MethodPost, "/panel/api/clients/add", map[string]any{
+			"client": makeClient(), "inboundIds": []int{localIDs[p]},
+		})
+	}
+	for _, p := range []*panel{root, middle, leaf} {
+		eventually(t, 90*time.Second, p.name+" recreates chain client", func() (bool, string) {
+			for _, ib := range p.inbounds() {
+				if ib.client(email) != nil {
+					return true, ""
+				}
+			}
+			return false, "missing recreated client"
+		})
+	}
+	pushRoot(9, 8)
+	waitUsage(middle, 9, 8)
+	waitUsage(leaf, 9, 8)
+}
diff --git a/internal/web/service/client_paging.go b/internal/web/service/client_paging.go
index d8196d192..e4a28333a 100644
--- a/internal/web/service/client_paging.go
+++ b/internal/web/service/client_paging.go
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ func newClientQuery(db *gorm.DB, nowMs, expireDiffMs, trafficDiffBytes int64) cl
 		joins:            []clientQueryJoin{{sql: "LEFT JOIN client_traffics ct ON ct.email = c.email"}},
 		usedExpr:         "(COALESCE(ct.up, 0) + COALESCE(ct.down, 0))",
 	}
-	freshSince := globalTrafficFreshSince()
+	freshSince := globalTrafficFreshSince(db.NowFunc())
 	var probe int64
 	err := db.Model(&model.ClientGlobalTraffic{}).
 		Where("updated_at >= ?", freshSince).
diff --git a/internal/web/service/global_traffic_heartbeat_test.go b/internal/web/service/global_traffic_heartbeat_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce82a3118
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/web/service/global_traffic_heartbeat_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/database/model"
+	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/xray"
+)
+
+func globalTrafficClock(t *testing.T, db *gorm.DB, queued bool) *atomic.Int64 {
+	t.Helper()
+	StopTrafficWriter()
+	old := db.NowFunc
+	clock := &atomic.Int64{}
+	clock.Store(time.Date(2026, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC).UnixMilli())
+	db.NowFunc = func() time.Time { return time.UnixMilli(clock.Load()) }
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		StopTrafficWriter()
+		db.NowFunc = old
+	})
+	if queued {
+		StartTrafficWriter()
+	}
+	return clock
+}
+
+func countGlobalTrafficWrites(t *testing.T, db *gorm.DB) *atomic.Int64 {
+	t.Helper()
+	rows := &atomic.Int64{}
+	const name = "test:global_traffic_affected_rows"
+	if err := db.Callback().Create().After("gorm:create").Register(name, func(tx *gorm.DB) {
+		if tx.Error == nil && tx.Statement.Table == "client_global_traffics" {
+			rows.Add(tx.RowsAffected)
+		}
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		if err := db.Callback().Create().Remove(name); err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+		}
+	})
+	return rows
+}
+
+func pushGlobalTraffic(t *testing.T, guid string, rows ...*xray.ClientTraffic) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err := (&InboundService{}).AcceptGlobalTraffic(guid, rows); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func globalTrafficRow(t *testing.T, db *gorm.DB, guid, email string) model.ClientGlobalTraffic {
+	t.Helper()
+	var row model.ClientGlobalTraffic
+	if err := db.Where("master_guid = ? AND email = ?", guid, email).First(&row).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return row
+}
+
+func TestGlobalTrafficHeartbeatBounds(t *testing.T) {
+	db := initGlobalHeartbeatDB(t)
+	clock := globalTrafficClock(t, db, true)
+	seedClientRow(t, "bounds", 1, 10, 20, 0)
+	writes := countGlobalTrafficWrites(t, db)
+	start := clock.Load()
+	push := func(up, down, wantWrites int64) {
+		t.Helper()
+		writes.Store(0)
+		pushGlobalTraffic(t, "master", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "bounds", Up: up, Down: down})
+		if got := writes.Load(); got != wantWrites {
+			t.Fatalf("at %d counters %d/%d: affected rows=%d want %d", clock.Load()-start, up, down, got, wantWrites)
+		}
+		got := globalTrafficRow(t, db, "master", "bounds")
+		if got.Up != up || got.Down != down {
+			t.Fatalf("counters=%d/%d want %d/%d", got.Up, got.Down, up, down)
+		}
+	}
+	push(100, 200, 1)
+	clock.Store(start + time.Hour.Milliseconds() - 1)
+	push(100, 200, 0)
+	if got := globalTrafficRow(t, db, "master", "bounds").UpdatedAt; got != start {
+		t.Fatalf("early heartbeat timestamp=%d want %d", got, start)
+	}
+	clock.Add(1)
+	push(100, 200, 1)
+	if got := globalTrafficRow(t, db, "master", "bounds").UpdatedAt; got != clock.Load() {
+		t.Fatalf("boundary timestamp=%d want %d", got, clock.Load())
+	}
+	clock.Add(1)
+	push(100, 200, 0)
+	for _, pair := range [][2]int64{{101, 200}, {99, 200}, {99, 201}, {99, 199}, {0, 199}, {0, 0}} {
+		push(pair[0], pair[1], 1)
+	}
+	local := readTraffic(t, db, "bounds")
+	if local.Up != 10 || local.Down != 20 {
+		t.Fatalf("local traffic changed: %+v", local)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGlobalTrafficHeartbeatNullableAndBatch(t *testing.T) {
+	db := initGlobalHeartbeatDB(t)
+	clock := globalTrafficClock(t, db, true)
+	var payload []*xray.ClientTraffic
+	for i := range 405 {
+		email := fmt.Sprintf("batch-%03d", i)
+		seedClientRow(t, email, 1, 0, 0, 0)
+		payload = append(payload, &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: email, Up: 10, Down: 20})
+	}
+	pushGlobalTraffic(t, "master", payload[:404]...)
+	clock.Add(time.Minute.Milliseconds())
+	for i, column := range []string{"up", "down", "updated_at"} {
+		if err := db.Model(&model.ClientGlobalTraffic{}).Where("email = ?", payload[i].Email).UpdateColumn(column, nil).Error; err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := db.Model(&model.ClientGlobalTraffic{}).Where("email = ?", payload[3].Email).UpdateColumn("updated_at", clock.Load()-time.Hour.Milliseconds()).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	payload[4].Up = 11
+	payload = append(payload, nil, &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "ghost", Up: 999}, &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: payload[5].Email, Up: 12, Down: 23})
+	writes := countGlobalTrafficWrites(t, db)
+	pushGlobalTraffic(t, "master", payload...)
+	if got := writes.Load(); got != 7 {
+		t.Fatalf("mixed two-full-batch payload affected %d rows want 7", got)
+	}
+	for i := range 6 {
+		got := globalTrafficRow(t, db, "master", payload[i].Email)
+		up, down := payload[i].Up, payload[i].Down
+		if i == 5 {
+			up, down = 12, 23
+		}
+		if got.Up != up || got.Down != down || got.UpdatedAt != clock.Load() {
+			t.Fatalf("row %d=%+v want %d/%d at %d", i, got, up, down, clock.Load())
+		}
+	}
+	var count int64
+	if err := db.Model(&model.ClientGlobalTraffic{}).Count(&count).Error; err != nil || count != 405 {
+		t.Fatalf("known rows=%d want 405 err=%v", count, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGlobalTrafficHeartbeatLongIdleAndRecovery(t *testing.T) {
+	db := initGlobalHeartbeatDB(t)
+	clock := globalTrafficClock(t, db, true)
+	seedClientRow(t, "active", 1, 1, 2, 100)
+	seedClientRow(t, "absent", 1, 1, 2, 100)
+	ib := &model.Inbound{UserId: 1, Tag: "idle", Port: 43124, Enable: true, Protocol: model.VLESS, Settings: `{"clients":[]}`}
+	if err := db.Create(ib).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := (&ClientService{}).SyncInbound(db, ib.Id, []model.Client{
+		{Email: "active", Enable: true, TotalGB: 100}, {Email: "absent", Enable: true, TotalGB: 100},
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	start := clock.Load()
+	pushGlobalTraffic(t, "active-master", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "active", Up: 80, Down: 70})
+	pushGlobalTraffic(t, "absent-master", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "absent", Up: 80, Down: 70})
+	writes := countGlobalTrafficWrites(t, db)
+	for tick := 1; tick <= 5760; tick++ {
+		clock.Store(start + int64(tick)*30_000)
+		pushGlobalTraffic(t, "active-master", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "active", Up: 80, Down: 70})
+	}
+	if got := writes.Load(); got != 48 {
+		t.Fatalf("48h idle pushes affected %d rows want 48", got)
+	}
+	assertUsage := func(email string, up, down int64, depleted bool) {
+		t.Helper()
+		rows := []*xray.ClientTraffic{{Email: email, Up: 1, Down: 2}}
+		overlayGlobalTraffic(db, rows)
+		if rows[0].Up != up || rows[0].Down != down {
+			t.Fatalf("%s overlay=%d/%d want %d/%d", email, rows[0].Up, rows[0].Down, up, down)
+		}
+		cond, args := depletedCond(db)
+		var count int64
+		if err := db.Model(&xray.ClientTraffic{}).Where("email = ?", email).Where(cond, args...).Count(&count).Error; err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if (count == 1) != depleted {
+			t.Fatalf("%s depleted count=%d want depleted=%v", email, count, depleted)
+		}
+		page, err := (&ClientService{}).ListPaged(&InboundService{}, &SettingService{}, ClientPageParams{PageSize: 10, Search: email, Filter: "depleted"})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		want := 0
+		if depleted {
+			want = 1
+		}
+		if len(page.Items) != want || (want == 1 && page.Items[0].Email != email) {
+			t.Fatalf("%s depleted page=%+v want %d rows", email, page.Items, want)
+		}
+	}
+	assertUsage("active", 80, 70, true)
+	assertUsage("absent", 1, 2, false)
+	last := clock.Load()
+	clock.Add(23 * time.Hour.Milliseconds())
+	assertUsage("active", 80, 70, true)
+	clock.Store(last + 24*time.Hour.Milliseconds())
+	assertUsage("active", 80, 70, true)
+	clock.Add(1)
+	assertUsage("active", 1, 2, false)
+	pushGlobalTraffic(t, "active-master", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "active", Up: 80, Down: 70})
+	assertUsage("active", 80, 70, true)
+}
+
+func TestGlobalTrafficHeartbeatConcurrentPairs(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, queued := range []bool{true, false} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("queued=%v", queued), func(t *testing.T) {
+			db := initGlobalHeartbeatDB(t)
+			globalTrafficClock(t, db, queued)
+			seedClientRow(t, "concurrent", 1, 1, 2, 0)
+			var wg sync.WaitGroup
+			errs := make(chan error, 24)
+			start := make(chan struct{})
+			for i := range 24 {
+				wg.Go(func() {
+					<-start
+					guid := "same"
+					if i >= 12 {
+						guid = fmt.Sprintf("master-%d", i)
+					}
+					errs <- (&InboundService{}).AcceptGlobalTraffic(guid, []*xray.ClientTraffic{{Email: "concurrent", Up: int64(i + 100), Down: int64(1000 - i)}})
+				})
+			}
+			close(start)
+			wg.Wait()
+			close(errs)
+			for err := range errs {
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				}
+			}
+			row := globalTrafficRow(t, db, "same", "concurrent")
+			if row.Up < 100 || row.Up > 111 || row.Up+row.Down != 1100 {
+				t.Fatalf("torn submitted pair: %+v", row)
+			}
+			for i := 12; i < 24; i++ {
+				got := globalTrafficRow(t, db, fmt.Sprintf("master-%d", i), "concurrent")
+				if got.Up != int64(i+100) || got.Down != int64(1000-i) {
+					t.Fatalf("master %d pair=%+v", i, got)
+				}
+			}
+			pushGlobalTraffic(t, "same", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "concurrent", Up: 3, Down: 4})
+			row = globalTrafficRow(t, db, "same", "concurrent")
+			if row.Up != 3 || row.Down != 4 {
+				t.Fatalf("ordered lower reset=%+v", row)
+			}
+			rows := []*xray.ClientTraffic{{Email: "concurrent", Up: 1, Down: 2}}
+			overlayGlobalTraffic(db, rows)
+			if rows[0].Up != 123 || rows[0].Down != 988 {
+				t.Fatalf("componentwise max=%d/%d want 123/988", rows[0].Up, rows[0].Down)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGlobalTrafficHeartbeatQuotaAndLifecycle(t *testing.T) {
+	db := initGlobalHeartbeatDB(t)
+	globalTrafficClock(t, db, true)
+	svc := &InboundService{}
+	ib := &model.Inbound{
+		UserId: 1, Tag: "quota", Port: 43123, Enable: true, Protocol: model.VLESS,
+		Settings: `{"clients":[{"email":"quota","enable":true,"totalGB":1000}]}`,
+	}
+	if err := db.Create(ib).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	clients := &ClientService{}
+	if err := clients.SyncInbound(db, ib.Id, []model.Client{{Email: "quota", Enable: true, TotalGB: 1000}}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	seedClientRow(t, "quota", ib.Id, 10, 20, 1000)
+	invalidations := &atomic.Int64{}
+	release := RegisterSubDataInvalidator(func() { invalidations.Add(1) })
+	defer release()
+	pushGlobalTraffic(t, "master", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "quota", Up: 800, Down: 700})
+	pushGlobalTraffic(t, "master", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "quota", Up: 800, Down: 700})
+	if invalidations.Load() != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("ingestion invalidated subscriptions %d times", invalidations.Load())
+	}
+	if err := db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		_, count, _, err := svc.disableInvalidClients(tx, newTrafficMutationBatch())
+		if count != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("disabled rows=%d want 1", count)
+		}
+		return err
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if invalidations.Load() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("quota disable invalidations=%d want 1", invalidations.Load())
+	}
+	if err := db.First(ib, ib.Id).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	var settings struct {
+		Clients []struct {
+			Email  string `json:"email"`
+			Enable bool   `json:"enable"`
+		} `json:"clients"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(ib.Settings), &settings); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(settings.Clients) != 1 || settings.Clients[0].Email != "quota" || settings.Clients[0].Enable || readTraffic(t, db, "quota").Enable {
+		t.Fatalf("disabled settings=%s traffic=%+v", ib.Settings, readTraffic(t, db, "quota"))
+	}
+	if err := svc.ResetClientTrafficByEmail("quota"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	assertRows := func(want int64) {
+		t.Helper()
+		var count int64
+		if err := db.Model(&model.ClientGlobalTraffic{}).Where("email = ?", "quota").Count(&count).Error; err != nil || count != want {
+			t.Fatalf("side rows=%d want %d err=%v", count, want, err)
+		}
+	}
+	assertRows(0)
+	pushGlobalTraffic(t, "master", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "quota", Up: 0, Down: 0})
+	assertRows(1)
+	if _, err := clients.DeleteByEmail(svc, "quota", false); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	assertRows(0)
+	pushGlobalTraffic(t, "master", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "quota", Up: 7, Down: 8})
+	assertRows(0)
+	if _, err := clients.CreateOne(svc, ib.Id, model.Client{Email: "quota", Enable: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	pushGlobalTraffic(t, "master", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "quota", Up: 7, Down: 8})
+	assertRows(1)
+	got := globalTrafficRow(t, db, "master", "quota")
+	if got.Up != 7 || got.Down != 8 {
+		t.Fatalf("recreated counters=%+v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGlobalTrafficHeartbeatForwarding(t *testing.T) {
+	db := initGlobalHeartbeatDB(t)
+	clock := globalTrafficClock(t, db, true)
+	seedClientRow(t, "forward", 1, 10, 20, 0)
+	if err := db.Create(&model.NodeClientTraffic{NodeId: 7, Email: "forward"}).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	assertForward := func(up, down int64) {
+		t.Helper()
+		rows, err := (&InboundService{}).GetNodeClientTraffics(7)
+		if err != nil || len(rows) != 1 || rows[0].Up != up || rows[0].Down != down {
+			t.Fatalf("forward=%+v want %d/%d err=%v", rows, up, down, err)
+		}
+	}
+	pushGlobalTraffic(t, "upstream", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "forward", Up: 900, Down: 800})
+	writes := countGlobalTrafficWrites(t, db)
+	clock.Add(time.Minute.Milliseconds())
+	pushGlobalTraffic(t, "upstream", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "forward", Up: 900, Down: 800})
+	assertForward(900, 800)
+	if writes.Load() != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unchanged forward push affected %d rows", writes.Load())
+	}
+	pushGlobalTraffic(t, "upstream", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "forward", Up: 50, Down: 60})
+	assertForward(50, 60)
+	pushGlobalTraffic(t, "upstream", &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: "forward", Up: 0, Down: 0})
+	assertForward(10, 20)
+}
diff --git a/internal/web/service/global_traffic_postgres_test.go b/internal/web/service/global_traffic_postgres_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..455643cac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/web/service/global_traffic_postgres_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/testpg"
+)
+
+func initGlobalHeartbeatDB(t *testing.T) *gorm.DB {
+	t.Helper()
+	cleanup, err := testpg.IsolatePackage("global_heartbeat")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(cleanup)
+	return initTrafficTestDB(t)
+}
+
+func TestGlobalTrafficHeartbeatPostgres(t *testing.T) {
+	if os.Getenv("XUI_DB_TYPE") != "postgres" || os.Getenv("XUI_DB_DSN") == "" {
+		t.Skip("set XUI_DB_TYPE=postgres and XUI_DB_DSN")
+	}
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name string
+		run  func(*testing.T)
+	}{
+		{"bounds", TestGlobalTrafficHeartbeatBounds},
+		{"quota and lifecycle", TestGlobalTrafficHeartbeatQuotaAndLifecycle},
+		{"forwarding", TestGlobalTrafficHeartbeatForwarding},
+		{"nullable and batches", TestGlobalTrafficHeartbeatNullableAndBatch},
+		{"long idle and recovery", TestGlobalTrafficHeartbeatLongIdleAndRecovery},
+		{"concurrent pairs", TestGlobalTrafficHeartbeatConcurrentPairs},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, tc.run)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/web/service/global_traffic_scale_test.go b/internal/web/service/global_traffic_scale_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc106b673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/web/service/global_traffic_scale_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/database"
+	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/database/model"
+	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/internal/xray"
+)
+
+type globalTrafficPGStats struct {
+	Calls, Rows, WalRecords, WalFpi                  int64
+	TotalExecTime, WalBytes                          float64
+	SharedBlksHit, SharedBlksRead, SharedBlksDirtied int64
+}
+
+func globalTrafficStats(t *testing.T, db *gorm.DB) globalTrafficPGStats {
+	t.Helper()
+	var stats globalTrafficPGStats
+	if db.Name() != "postgres" {
+		return stats
+	}
+	if err := db.Raw(`SELECT COALESCE(sum(calls),0) AS calls, COALESCE(sum(rows),0) AS rows,
+		COALESCE(sum(total_exec_time),0) AS total_exec_time, COALESCE(sum(wal_records),0) AS wal_records,
+		COALESCE(sum(wal_fpi),0) AS wal_fpi, COALESCE(sum(wal_bytes),0)::float8 AS wal_bytes,
+		COALESCE(sum(shared_blks_hit),0) AS shared_blks_hit, COALESCE(sum(shared_blks_read),0) AS shared_blks_read,
+		COALESCE(sum(shared_blks_dirtied),0) AS shared_blks_dirtied
+		FROM public.pg_stat_statements WHERE dbid=(SELECT oid FROM pg_database WHERE datname=current_database())
+		AND query ILIKE 'INSERT INTO "client_global_traffics"%'`).Scan(&stats).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	var info struct {
+		StatsReset time.Time
+		Dealloc    int64
+	}
+	if err := db.Raw("SELECT stats_reset, dealloc FROM public.pg_stat_statements_info").Scan(&info).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	t.Logf("pg_stat_statements_info stats_reset=%s dealloc=%d cumulative=%+v", info.StatsReset.Format(time.RFC3339Nano), info.Dealloc, stats)
+	return stats
+}
+
+func TestAcceptGlobalTrafficScale(t *testing.T) {
+	if os.Getenv("XUI_SCALE_TEST") != "1" {
+		t.Skip("set XUI_SCALE_TEST=1")
+	}
+	setupScaleDB(t)
+	db := database.GetDB()
+	for _, workload := range []string{"unchanged", "sparse", "all", "reset"} {
+		t.Run(workload, func(t *testing.T) {
+			resetScaleTables(t, db, "client_global_traffics", "client_traffics")
+			clock := globalTrafficClock(t, db, true)
+			const clients, ticks = 6708, 240
+			locals := make([]xray.ClientTraffic, clients)
+			payload := make([]*xray.ClientTraffic, clients)
+			for i := range clients {
+				email := fmt.Sprintf("heartbeat-scale-%05d", i)
+				locals[i] = xray.ClientTraffic{Email: email, InboundId: 1, Enable: true}
+				payload[i] = &xray.ClientTraffic{Email: email, Up: 1000, Down: 2000}
+			}
+			if err := db.CreateInBatches(&locals, 200).Error; err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			pushGlobalTraffic(t, "scale-master", payload...)
+			before := globalTrafficStats(t, db)
+			writes := countGlobalTrafficWrites(t, db)
+			startClock := clock.Load()
+			start := time.Now()
+			for tick := 1; tick <= ticks; tick++ {
+				clock.Store(startClock + int64(tick)*30_000)
+				for i, row := range payload {
+					switch workload {
+					case "sparse":
+						if (i+tick)%100 == 0 {
+							row.Up++
+							row.Down++
+						}
+					case "all":
+						row.Up++
+						row.Down++
+					case "reset":
+						if tick == 120 {
+							row.Up, row.Down = 0, 0
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				pushGlobalTraffic(t, "scale-master", payload...)
+			}
+			elapsed := time.Since(start)
+			after := globalTrafficStats(t, db)
+			delta := globalTrafficPGStats{
+				Calls: after.Calls - before.Calls, Rows: after.Rows - before.Rows,
+				TotalExecTime: after.TotalExecTime - before.TotalExecTime,
+				WalRecords:    after.WalRecords - before.WalRecords, WalFpi: after.WalFpi - before.WalFpi, WalBytes: after.WalBytes - before.WalBytes,
+				SharedBlksHit: after.SharedBlksHit - before.SharedBlksHit, SharedBlksRead: after.SharedBlksRead - before.SharedBlksRead,
+				SharedBlksDirtied: after.SharedBlksDirtied - before.SharedBlksDirtied,
+			}
+			t.Logf("dialect=%s clients=%d ticks=%d warmup=one initial push workload=%s elapsed=%s affected_rows=%d pg_delta=%+v", db.Name(), clients, ticks, workload, elapsed, writes.Load(), delta)
+			var rows []model.ClientGlobalTraffic
+			if err := db.Where("master_guid = ?", "scale-master").Order("email").Find(&rows).Error; err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if len(rows) != clients {
+				t.Fatalf("rows=%d want %d", len(rows), clients)
+			}
+			for i, got := range rows {
+				if got.Up != payload[i].Up || got.Down != payload[i].Down {
+					t.Fatalf("client %d counters=%d/%d want %d/%d", i, got.Up, got.Down, payload[i].Up, payload[i].Down)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/web/service/inbound_disable.go b/internal/web/service/inbound_disable.go
index 8e1c7fb98..72264a422 100644
--- a/internal/web/service/inbound_disable.go
+++ b/internal/web/service/inbound_disable.go
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ func (s *InboundService) disableInvalidInbounds(tx *gorm.DB, mutationBatch *traf
 
 const globalTrafficFreshWindow = 24 * time.Hour
 
-func globalTrafficFreshSince() int64 {
-	return time.Now().Add(-globalTrafficFreshWindow).UnixMilli()
+func globalTrafficFreshSince(now time.Time) int64 {
+	return now.Add(-globalTrafficFreshWindow).UnixMilli()
 }
 
 // depletedClientsCond matches clients that exhausted their quota or expired.
@@ -60,21 +60,19 @@ const depletedClientsCond = `((total > 0 AND up + down >= total)
 const depletedClientsCondLocal = `((total > 0 AND up + down >= total)
 	OR (expiry_time > 0 AND expiry_time <= ?))`
 
-// depletedCond returns the predicate matching depleted clients together with
-// the arguments it binds. The local-only variant is used unless this panel
-// holds a global-traffic row a master still refreshes, in which case the
-// cross-panel EXISTS check is needed to enforce combined quota.
+// depletedCond includes cross-panel quota usage only while a master's row is fresh.
+// Without fresh global rows, the local-only predicate avoids a correlated EXISTS scan.
 func depletedCond(tx *gorm.DB) (string, []any) {
-	now := time.Now().UnixMilli()
-	freshSince := globalTrafficFreshSince()
+	now := tx.NowFunc()
+	freshSince := globalTrafficFreshSince(now)
 	var probe int64
 	err := tx.Model(&model.ClientGlobalTraffic{}).
 		Where("updated_at >= ?", freshSince).
 		Limit(1).Count(&probe).Error
 	if err == nil && probe > 0 {
-		return depletedClientsCond, []any{now, freshSince}
+		return depletedClientsCond, []any{now.UnixMilli(), freshSince}
 	}
-	return depletedClientsCondLocal, []any{now}
+	return depletedClientsCondLocal, []any{now.UnixMilli()}
 }
 
 func (s *InboundService) disableInvalidClients(tx *gorm.DB, mutationBatch *trafficMutationBatch) (bool, int64, []int, error) {
diff --git a/internal/web/service/inbound_traffic_global.go b/internal/web/service/inbound_traffic_global.go
index 2d0e98f95..46b9e3dea 100644
--- a/internal/web/service/inbound_traffic_global.go
+++ b/internal/web/service/inbound_traffic_global.go
@@ -13,14 +13,10 @@ import (
 	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 )
 
-// AcceptGlobalTraffic ingests a master panel's aggregated per-client usage
-// into client_global_traffics, keyed by (masterGuid, email). The numbers are
-// display/enforcement inputs only — client_traffics keeps this panel's
-// local-only counters, so the pushing master's (and any other master's)
-// delta accounting over our snapshot stays correct.
-//
-// Rows are overwritten, not max-merged: a reset on the master propagates here
-// on its next push. Emails this panel doesn't host are dropped.
+const globalTrafficHeartbeatInterval = time.Hour
+
+// AcceptGlobalTraffic overwrites hosted clients' per-master usage, including lower resets.
+// Identical usage refreshes hourly; client_traffics remains local-only for delta accounting.
 func (s *InboundService) AcceptGlobalTraffic(masterGuid string, traffics []*xray.ClientTraffic) error {
 	masterGuid = strings.TrimSpace(masterGuid)
 	if masterGuid == "" {
@@ -57,7 +53,9 @@ func (s *InboundService) AcceptGlobalTraffic(masterGuid string, traffics []*xray
 			return nil
 		}
 
-		now := time.Now().UnixMilli()
+		now := db.NowFunc()
+		updatedAt := now.UnixMilli()
+		heartbeatCutoff := now.Add(-globalTrafficHeartbeatInterval).UnixMilli()
 		rows := make([]model.ClientGlobalTraffic, 0, len(known))
 		for _, email := range known {
 			t := byEmail[email]
@@ -69,7 +67,7 @@ func (s *InboundService) AcceptGlobalTraffic(masterGuid string, traffics []*xray
 				Email:      email,
 				Up:         t.Up,
 				Down:       t.Down,
-				UpdatedAt:  now,
+				UpdatedAt:  updatedAt,
 			})
 		}
 
@@ -78,6 +76,15 @@ func (s *InboundService) AcceptGlobalTraffic(masterGuid string, traffics []*xray
 				if err := tx.Clauses(clause.OnConflict{
 					Columns:   []clause.Column{{Name: "master_guid"}, {Name: "email"}},
 					DoUpdates: clause.AssignmentColumns([]string{"up", "down", "updated_at"}),
+					Where: clause.Where{Exprs: []clause.Expression{clause.Expr{
+						SQL: `(client_global_traffics.up IS NULL
+							OR client_global_traffics.up <> excluded.up
+							OR client_global_traffics.down IS NULL
+							OR client_global_traffics.down <> excluded.down
+							OR client_global_traffics.updated_at IS NULL
+							OR client_global_traffics.updated_at <= ?)`,
+						Vars: []any{heartbeatCutoff},
+					}}},
 				}).Create(&batch).Error; err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
@@ -99,17 +106,13 @@ func chunkGlobalRows(rows []model.ClientGlobalTraffic, size int) [][]model.Clien
 	return out
 }
 
-// overlayGlobalTraffic raises Up/Down on the given rows to the largest global
-// value any master still pushing for that email reported. Read-path only —
-// callers hand it rows about to be serialized for display; the stored counters
-// are untouched. Rows older than globalTrafficFreshWindow are ignored: they
-// come from a master that stopped pushing, and folding their frozen counters
-// in would keep showing usage the client no longer has (#6113).
+// overlayGlobalTraffic applies each direction's largest fresh per-master value for display.
+// Stored local counters remain untouched; stale masters cannot inflate usage (#6113).
 func overlayGlobalTraffic(db *gorm.DB, rows []*xray.ClientTraffic) {
 	if len(rows) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
-	freshSince := globalTrafficFreshSince()
+	freshSince := globalTrafficFreshSince(db.NowFunc())
 	// Cheap short-circuit for the common case (a panel no master pushes to).
 	var probe int64
 	if err := db.Model(&model.ClientGlobalTraffic{}).