diff --git a/src/app/api/providers/[id]/sync-models/route.ts b/src/app/api/providers/[id]/sync-models/route.ts
index 6abf6d7387..7d75906360 100644
--- a/src/app/api/providers/[id]/sync-models/route.ts
+++ b/src/app/api/providers/[id]/sync-models/route.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@ import {
 import { autoSyncCodexProfilesFromLiveCatalog } from "@/lib/cli-helper/codexProfileAutoSync";
 import { autoSyncClaudeProfilesFromLiveCatalog } from "@/lib/cli-helper/claudeProfileAutoSync";
 import { providerUsesCuratedModelsOnly } from "@/lib/providers/modelListingCapability";
+import {
+  fetchVolcPlanModels,
+  providerToVolcPlanKind,
+} from "@/lib/providers/volcenginePlanModelDiscovery";
+import { replaceSyncedAvailableModelsForConnection } from "@/lib/db/models";
 import { GET as getProviderModels } from "../models/route";
 import { isDegradedDiscovery } from "./degradedLocalCatalog";
 import { sanitizeErrorMessage } from "@omniroute/open-sse/utils/error";
@@ -423,6 +428,84 @@ export async function POST(request: Request, { params }: { params: Promise<{ id:
 
     logProvider = toNonEmptyString(connection.provider) || "unknown";
     channelLabel = getModelSyncChannelLabel(connection);
+
+    // Volcano Ark plan providers: discover models live from the console API
+    // (cookie+csrf captured at bind time). The chat API has no /models
+    // endpoint, so the default discovery path below cannot serve them.
+    const volcPlanKind = providerToVolcPlanKind(logProvider);
+    if (volcPlanKind) {
+      const psd =
+        connection.providerSpecificData && typeof connection.providerSpecificData === "object"
+          ? (connection.providerSpecificData as JsonRecord)
+          : {};
+      const cookie = toNonEmptyString(psd.volcConsoleCookie) || "";
+      const csrf = toNonEmptyString(psd.volcCsrfToken) || "";
+      const duration = Date.now() - start;
+      let discovered;
+      try {
+        discovered = await fetchVolcPlanModels(volcPlanKind, cookie, csrf);
+      } catch (err: unknown) {
+        const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+        await saveCallLog({
+          method: "POST",
+          path: `/api/providers/${id}/sync-models`,
+          status: 401,
+          model: "model-sync",
+          provider: logProvider,
+          sourceFormat: "-",
+          connectionId: id,
+          duration,
+          error: message,
+          requestType: "model-sync",
+          ...(channelLabel ? { responseBody: { channel: channelLabel } } : {}),
+        }).catch(() => undefined);
+        return NextResponse.json(
+          { error: sanitizeErrorMessage(message) || "Volcano plan discovery failed" },
+          { status: 401 }
+        );
+      }
+      const previous = await getSyncedAvailableModelsForConnection(logProvider, id);
+      const synced = await replaceSyncedAvailableModelsForConnection(logProvider, id, discovered);
+      const prevIds = new Set(previous.map((m) => String(m.id)));
+      const added = synced.filter((m) => !prevIds.has(String(m.id))).length;
+      const removed = previous.filter(
+        (m) => !synced.some((n) => String(n.id) === String(m.id))
+      ).length;
+      await saveCallLog({
+        method: "GET",
+        path: `/api/providers/${id}/models`,
+        status: 200,
+        model: "model-sync",
+        provider: logProvider,
+        sourceFormat: "console-discovery",
+        connectionId: id,
+        duration: Date.now() - start,
+        requestType: "model-sync",
+        responseBody: {
+          source: "volcengine-plan-console-discovery",
+          plan: volcPlanKind,
+          syncedModels: synced.length,
+          added,
+          removed,
+          provider: logProvider,
+          channel: channelLabel,
+          mode,
+        },
+      }).catch(() => undefined);
+      return NextResponse.json({
+        ok: true,
+        provider: logProvider,
+        connectionId: id,
+        source: "volcengine-plan-console-discovery",
+        plan: volcPlanKind,
+        mode,
+        syncedModels: synced.length,
+        availableModelsCount: synced.length,
+        modelChanges: { added, removed, total: added + removed },
+        models: synced,
+      });
+    }
+
     if (providerUsesCuratedModelsOnly(logProvider)) {
       const [removedSyncedLists, removedImportedModelIds] = await Promise.all([
         deleteSyncedAvailableModelsForProvider(logProvider),
diff --git a/src/lib/initCloudSync.ts b/src/lib/initCloudSync.ts
index 3464ea0d29..1d62f425e5 100644
--- a/src/lib/initCloudSync.ts
+++ b/src/lib/initCloudSync.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { isAutomatedTestProcess } from "@/shared/utils/testProcess";
 import { getJobRegistry } from "@/lib/jobRegistry";
 import { registerBudgetResetJob } from "@/lib/jobs/budgetResetJob";
 import { registerTokenHealthCheck } from "@/lib/jobs/tokenHealthCheckJob";
+import { backfillVolcPlanAutoSync } from "@/lib/providers/volcPlanAutoSyncBackfill";
 
 // Initialize runtime background sync services once per server process.
 let initialized = false;
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ export async function ensureCloudSyncInitialized() {
   if (!initialized) {
     try {
       await initializeCloudSync();
+      await backfillVolcPlanAutoSync();
       startModelSyncScheduler();
 
       // startAll() runs each interval job's first tick synchronously, so it has to
diff --git a/src/lib/providers/modelListingCapability.ts b/src/lib/providers/modelListingCapability.ts
index 64f94078ea..db0e439824 100644
--- a/src/lib/providers/modelListingCapability.ts
+++ b/src/lib/providers/modelListingCapability.ts
@@ -10,14 +10,13 @@
 /** Service kinds that, on their own, mean the provider lists no models. */
 const TOOL_ONLY_SERVICE_KINDS = new Set<string>(["webSearch", "webFetch"]);
 
-/** Providers whose registry catalog is the complete, intentional model list. */
-const CURATED_MODEL_ONLY_PROVIDERS = new Set<string>([
-  "chatgpt-web",
-  "kimi-web",
-  "zai-web",
-  "volcengine-agent-plan",
-  "volcengine-coding-plan",
-]);
+/** Providers whose registry catalog is the complete, intentional model list.
+ *
+ * Volcano Ark plan providers (`volcengine-agent-plan` / `volcengine-coding-plan`)
+ * are intentionally NOT curated: their model list is discovered live from the
+ * console API (see volcenginePlanModelDiscovery.ts) and merged into the synced
+ * catalog, so the static registry only acts as a capability-seed fallback. */
+const CURATED_MODEL_ONLY_PROVIDERS = new Set<string>(["chatgpt-web", "kimi-web", "zai-web"]);
 
 export function providerUsesCuratedModelsOnly(providerId: string): boolean {
   return CURATED_MODEL_ONLY_PROVIDERS.has(providerId.trim().toLowerCase());
diff --git a/src/lib/providers/volcPlanAutoSyncBackfill.ts b/src/lib/providers/volcPlanAutoSyncBackfill.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..014ed0a68a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/providers/volcPlanAutoSyncBackfill.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/**
+ * One-time, idempotent backfill: ensure Volcano Ark plan connections carry
+ * `autoSync:true` so the 24h modelSyncScheduler picks them up.
+ *
+ * Plan connections created before volcenginePlanBinding set `autoSync` do not
+ * have the flag, so the scheduler (which only syncs connections whose
+ * providerSpecificData.autoSync === true) silently skipped them. This runs
+ * once per boot, patches any missing flag in place, and exits. It is safe to
+ * re-run — updateProviderConnection merges the patch.
+ */
+
+import { getProviderConnections, updateProviderConnection } from "@/lib/db/providers";
+
+const VOLC_PLAN_PROVIDERS = new Set(["volcengine-agent-plan", "volcengine-coding-plan"]);
+
+let backfilled = false;
+
+export async function backfillVolcPlanAutoSync(): Promise<void> {
+  if (backfilled) return;
+  backfilled = true;
+  try {
+    const connections = await getProviderConnections();
+    for (const conn of connections) {
+      const provider = typeof conn.provider === "string" ? conn.provider : "";
+      if (!VOLC_PLAN_PROVIDERS.has(provider)) continue;
+      const psd =
+        conn.providerSpecificData && typeof conn.providerSpecificData === "object"
+          ? (conn.providerSpecificData as Record<string, unknown>)
+          : {};
+      if (psd.autoSync === true) continue;
+      const merged = { ...psd, autoSync: true };
+      if (typeof conn.id !== "string" || !conn.id) continue;
+      await updateProviderConnection(conn.id, {
+        providerSpecificData: merged,
+      });
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    backfilled = false; // allow retry on next boot if this boot failed
+    console.warn(
+      "[VolcPlanAutoSync] backfill failed — will retry next boot:",
+      (error as Error).message
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/providers/volcenginePlanBinding.ts b/src/lib/providers/volcenginePlanBinding.ts
index 050bd0cf01..ae989d5eae 100644
--- a/src/lib/providers/volcenginePlanBinding.ts
+++ b/src/lib/providers/volcenginePlanBinding.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
 
 type JsonRecord = Record<string, unknown>;
 
-const CONSOLE_TOP_BASE = "https://console.volcengine.com/api/top/ark/cn-beijing/2024-01-01";
+export const CONSOLE_TOP_BASE = "https://console.volcengine.com/api/top/ark/cn-beijing/2024-01-01";
 const CODING_PLAN_PROVIDER = "volcengine-coding-plan";
 const AGENT_PLAN_PROVIDER = "volcengine-agent-plan";
 
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ const PLAN_CONFIG = {
     provider: CODING_PLAN_PROVIDER,
     name: "Volcano Ark Coding Plan",
     usageAction: "GetCodingPlanUsage",
+    listModelAction: "ListArkCodeLatestModel",
+    listModelPayload: {},
     referer: "https://console.volcengine.com/ark/region:cn-beijing/subscription/coding-plan",
     listApiKeysPayload: { ProjectName: "default" },
   },
@@ -22,6 +24,8 @@ const PLAN_CONFIG = {
     provider: AGENT_PLAN_PROVIDER,
     name: "Volcano Ark Agent Plan",
     usageAction: "GetAgentPlanAFPUsage",
+    listModelAction: "GetAgentPlanModelMappingMeta",
+    listModelPayload: { Edition: "agent_plan_personal" },
     referer: "https://console.volcengine.com/ark/region:cn-beijing/subscription/agent-plan",
     listApiKeysPayload: {
       ProjectName: "default",
@@ -32,18 +36,18 @@ const PLAN_CONFIG = {
 
 type PlanKind = keyof typeof PLAN_CONFIG;
 
-interface ConsoleApiResult {
+export interface ConsoleApiResult {
   ok: boolean;
   status: number;
   json: JsonRecord;
   error: string | null;
 }
 
-function stringField(value: unknown): string {
+export function stringField(value: unknown): string {
   return typeof value === "string" ? value.trim() : "";
 }
 
-function record(value: unknown): JsonRecord {
+export function record(value: unknown): JsonRecord {
   return value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value) ? (value as JsonRecord) : {};
 }
 
@@ -67,7 +71,7 @@ function extractCsrf(credentials: JsonRecord, cookieHeader: string): string {
   return cookieHeader.match(/(?:^|;\s*)csrfToken=([^;]+)/)?.[1]?.trim() || "";
 }
 
-async function callConsoleApi(
+export async function callConsoleApi(
   action: string,
   payload: JsonRecord,
   cookieHeader: string,
@@ -104,7 +108,7 @@ async function callConsoleApi(
   };
 }
 
-async function detectPlan(
+export async function detectPlan(
   kind: PlanKind,
   cookieHeader: string,
   csrfToken: string
@@ -184,6 +188,8 @@ async function upsertConnection(
     volcApiKeyId: apiKeyId,
     volcPlanKind: kind,
     volcLastUsage: usage,
+    // Enable 24h model auto-sync (modelSyncScheduler picks up autoSync:true).
+    autoSync: true,
   };
 
   const existing = (await getProviderConnections({ provider: cfg.provider })).find(
diff --git a/src/lib/providers/volcenginePlanModelDiscovery.ts b/src/lib/providers/volcenginePlanModelDiscovery.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..417d9cbaad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/providers/volcenginePlanModelDiscovery.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+/**
+ * Volcano Ark Plan — live model discovery via console APIs.
+ *
+ * Both Plan subscriptions have NO usable `/models` endpoint on the chat API
+ * (`/api/plan/v3` returns 404; coding `/api/coding/v3/models` is unreliable).
+ * The authoritative model catalog is instead exposed by the console's
+ * top-level Ark actions, authenticated by the same console cookie + csrf
+ * token already captured during plan binding (see volcenginePlanBinding.ts).
+ *
+ *  - Agent Plan:  `GetAgentPlanModelMappingMeta` → Result.Data[]
+ *      filter: PlatformAllowStatus===true && Type==="llm"
+ *      id    : RespModelID (already version-suffixed, matches chat endpoint)
+ *  - Coding Plan: `ListArkCodeLatestModel` → Result.Data[]
+ *      id    : ModelId (version-suffixed)
+ *
+ * The console API returns only id/name/version/description — NOT capabilities
+ * (contextLength, toolCalling, vision, reasoning). We enrich each discovered
+ * model from a static family→capability map keyed by the OutputName/ModelName
+ * prefix, falling back to conservative defaults so new families stay usable
+ * without a code change.
+ *
+ * Output shape matches SyncedAvailableModelInput so the sync-models route can
+ * persist it via replaceSyncedAvailableModelsForConnection.
+ */
+
+import type { SyncedAvailableModelInput } from "@/lib/db/models/synced";
+
+type JsonRecord = Record<string, unknown>;
+
+export type VolcPlanKind = "agent" | "coding";
+
+export interface DiscoveredVolcModel {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  description?: string;
+  enabledThinking?: boolean;
+}
+
+const CONSOLE_TOP_BASE = "https://console.volcengine.com/api/top/ark/cn-beijing/2024-01-01";
+const AGENT_PLAN_REFERER =
+  "https://console.volcengine.com/ark/region:cn-beijing/subscription/agent-plan";
+const CODING_PLAN_REFERER =
+  "https://console.volcengine.com/ark/region:cn-beijing/subscription/coding-plan";
+
+function stringField(value: unknown): string {
+  return typeof value === "string" ? value.trim() : "";
+}
+function record(value: unknown): JsonRecord {
+  return value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value) ? (value as JsonRecord) : {};
+}
+
+interface ConsoleApiResult {
+  ok: boolean;
+  status: number;
+  json: JsonRecord;
+  error: string | null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Hit the Volcano console API directly via undici, BYPASSING OmniRoute's
+ * global fetch patch (open-sse/utils/proxyFetch.ts) which is built for LLM
+ * provider traffic and reroutes/rewrites requests to console.volcengine.com.
+ * Dynamic import so the build cannot extern/strip the dependency.
+ */
+async function callConsoleApiDirect(
+  action: string,
+  payload: JsonRecord,
+  cookieHeader: string,
+  csrfToken: string,
+  referer: string
+): Promise<ConsoleApiResult> {
+  const { fetch: pristineFetch } = await import("undici");
+  const response = await pristineFetch(`${CONSOLE_TOP_BASE}/${action}?`, {
+    method: "POST",
+    headers: {
+      accept: "application/json, text/plain, */*",
+      "content-type": "application/json",
+      cookie: cookieHeader,
+      origin: "https://console.volcengine.com",
+      referer,
+      "x-csrf-token": csrfToken,
+    },
+    body: JSON.stringify(payload),
+  });
+  const text = await response.text();
+  let json: JsonRecord = {};
+  try {
+    json = record(JSON.parse(text));
+  } catch {
+    // Non-JSON console failures are reported through `error` below.
+  }
+  const meta = record(json.ResponseMetadata);
+  const err = record(meta.Error);
+  const message = stringField(err.Message);
+  return {
+    ok: response.ok && !message,
+    status: response.status,
+    json,
+    error: message || (response.ok ? null : text.slice(0, 200)),
+  };
+}
+
+async function detectPlan(
+  kind: VolcPlanKind,
+  cookieHeader: string,
+  csrfToken: string
+): Promise<{ available: boolean; error: string | null }> {
+  const action = kind === "agent" ? "GetAgentPlanAFPUsage" : "GetCodingPlanUsage";
+  const referer = kind === "agent" ? AGENT_PLAN_REFERER : CODING_PLAN_REFERER;
+  const result = await callConsoleApiDirect(action, {}, cookieHeader, csrfToken, referer);
+  if (!result.ok) {
+    return { available: false, error: result.error };
+  }
+  return { available: true, error: null };
+}
+
+const PLAN_DISCOVERY_CONFIG: Record<
+  VolcPlanKind,
+  {
+    action: string;
+    /** Base payload; coding plan needs AccountId injected per-request. */
+    payload: JsonRecord;
+    referer: string;
+    /** Whether the listing API requires the console AccountId in the body. */
+    requiresAccountId: boolean;
+  }
+> = {
+  agent: {
+    action: "GetAgentPlanModelMappingMeta",
+    payload: { Edition: "agent_plan_personal" },
+    referer: AGENT_PLAN_REFERER,
+    requiresAccountId: false,
+  },
+  coding: {
+    action: "ListArkCodeLatestModel",
+    payload: {},
+    referer: CODING_PLAN_REFERER,
+    requiresAccountId: true,
+  },
+};
+
+/**
+ * Extract the numeric `AccountID` from the console cookie jar. The Coding Plan
+ * listing API requires `{AccountId: <number>}` in the body (string is rejected
+ * with InvalidParameter). The AccountID is always present in an authenticated
+ * console cookie, so this avoids a separate binding field / DB migration.
+ */
+function extractAccountId(cookieHeader: string): number | null {
+  const raw = cookieHeader.match(/(?:^|;\s*)AccountID=([^;]+)/i)?.[1]?.trim();
+  if (!raw) return null;
+  const n = Number(raw);
+  return Number.isFinite(n) && n > 0 ? n : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Family→capability enrichment. The console API does not return context
+ * window / tool / vision / reasoning flags, so we seed them from the model
+ * family. Keyed by the canonical model name (RespModelName / OutputName /
+ * ModelName) lowercased; a `*`-prefixed entry matches by prefix.
+ *
+ * Values mirror the curated static registry (volcengine/{agent,coding}-plan)
+ * so behavior is unchanged for known models; unknown families fall back to
+ * `enrichWithDefaults`.
+ */
+const FAMILY_CAPABILITY_MAP: Array<{
+  match: string;
+  contextLength: number;
+  toolCalling: boolean;
+  supportsVision: boolean;
+  supportsReasoning: boolean;
+}> = [
+  // Doubao Seed 2.x turbo / mini — 256K, multimodal
+  {
+    match: "doubao-seed-2-1-turbo",
+    contextLength: 262144,
+    toolCalling: true,
+    supportsVision: true,
+    supportsReasoning: true,
+  },
+  {
+    match: "doubao-seed-2-0-mini",
+    contextLength: 262144,
+    toolCalling: true,
+    supportsVision: true,
+    supportsReasoning: true,
+  },
+  // Doubao Seed 2.0 lite — 256K, multimodal
+  {
+    match: "doubao-seed-2-0-lite",
+    contextLength: 262144,
+    toolCalling: true,
+    supportsVision: true,
+    supportsReasoning: true,
+  },
+  // Doubao Seed Evolving — 1M
+  {
+    match: "doubao-seed-evolving",
+    contextLength: 1048576,
+    toolCalling: true,
+    supportsVision: true,
+    supportsReasoning: true,
+  },
+  // DeepSeek V4 family — 1M, text-only reasoning
+  {
+    match: "deepseek-v4",
+    contextLength: 1048576,
+    toolCalling: true,
+    supportsVision: false,
+    supportsReasoning: true,
+  },
+  // GLM 5.x — 1M
+  {
+    match: "glm-5",
+    contextLength: 1048576,
+    toolCalling: true,
+    supportsVision: false,
+    supportsReasoning: true,
+  },
+  // Kimi K2.7 code — 1M, multimodal
+  {
+    match: "kimi-k2.7-code",
+    contextLength: 1048576,
+    toolCalling: true,
+    supportsVision: true,
+    supportsReasoning: true,
+  },
+  {
+    match: "kimi-k2-7-code",
+    contextLength: 1048576,
+    toolCalling: true,
+    supportsVision: true,
+    supportsReasoning: true,
+  },
+  // Kimi K2.6 — 1M
+  {
+    match: "kimi-k2.6",
+    contextLength: 1048576,
+    toolCalling: true,
+    supportsVision: false,
+    supportsReasoning: true,
+  },
+  // MiniMax M3 / M2.7 — 1M
+  {
+    match: "minimax-m3",
+    contextLength: 1048576,
+    toolCalling: true,
+    supportsVision: false,
+    supportsReasoning: true,
+  },
+  {
+    match: "minimax-m2.7",
+    contextLength: 1048576,
+    toolCalling: true,
+    supportsVision: false,
+    supportsReasoning: true,
+  },
+];
+
+const DEFAULT_CAPABILITY = {
+  contextLength: 131072,
+  toolCalling: true,
+  supportsVision: false,
+  supportsReasoning: true,
+};
+
+function matchFamily(name: string) {
+  const lower = name.trim().toLowerCase();
+  if (!lower) return null;
+  // Prefer exact match, then prefix match.
+  for (const entry of FAMILY_CAPABILITY_MAP) {
+    if (entry.match === lower) return entry;
+  }
+  for (const entry of FAMILY_CAPABILITY_MAP) {
+    if (lower.startsWith(entry.match)) return entry;
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+function enrichModel(model: DiscoveredVolcModel): SyncedAvailableModelInput {
+  const family = matchFamily(model.name) ?? matchFamily(model.id) ?? DEFAULT_CAPABILITY;
+  return {
+    id: model.id,
+    name: model.name || model.id,
+    source: "imported",
+    apiFormat: "chat-completions",
+    supportedEndpoints: ["chat"],
+    inputTokenLimit: family.contextLength,
+    supportsTools: family.toolCalling,
+    supportsVision: family.supportsVision,
+    supportsThinking: model.enabledThinking ?? family.supportsReasoning,
+    ...(model.description ? { description: model.description } : {}),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse Agent Plan `GetAgentPlanModelMappingMeta` Result.Data[].
+ * Only entries with PlatformAllowStatus===true and Type==="llm" are usable
+ * for chat; others (disabled, embedding, audio, video, auto-routing) are
+ * skipped.
+ */
+function parseAgentPlanModels(json: JsonRecord): DiscoveredVolcModel[] {
+  const data = record(json.Result).Data;
+  const arr = Array.isArray(data) ? data : [];
+  const out: DiscoveredVolcModel[] = [];
+  for (const raw of arr) {
+    const item = record(raw);
+    const allowed = item.PlatformAllowStatus === true;
+    const type = stringField(item.Type);
+    const id = stringField(item.RespModelID);
+    if (!allowed || !id) continue;
+    if (type && type !== "llm") continue;
+    const name = stringField(item.RespModelName) || id;
+    out.push({
+      id,
+      name,
+      ...(stringField(item.RespModelVersion)
+        ? { description: `v${stringField(item.RespModelVersion)}` }
+        : {}),
+    });
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse Coding Plan `ListArkCodeLatestModel` Result.Data[].
+ * The API exposes every catalog entry regardless of subscription state; we
+ * keep ALL of them (the chat endpoint accepts them, Enabled only reflects
+ * console visibility) but surface Enabled through the description.
+ */
+function parseCodingPlanModels(json: JsonRecord): DiscoveredVolcModel[] {
+  const data = record(json.Result).Data;
+  const arr = Array.isArray(data) ? data : [];
+  const out: DiscoveredVolcModel[] = [];
+  for (const raw of arr) {
+    const item = record(raw);
+    const id = stringField(item.ModelId);
+    if (!id) continue;
+    const name = stringField(item.OutputName) || stringField(item.ModelName) || id;
+    const enabledThinking = item.EnabledThinking === true || item.EnabledThinking === "true";
+    const desc = stringField(item.Description);
+    out.push({
+      id,
+      name,
+      ...(desc ? { description: desc } : {}),
+      ...(enabledThinking ? { enabledThinking: true } : {}),
+    });
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fetch the live model list for a Volcano Ark plan subscription using the
+ * console cookie + csrf token stored on the connection's providerSpecificData.
+ *
+ * Verifies the plan subscription is still active (detectPlan) before listing,
+ * so an expired/disabled plan returns a clear error instead of a stale/empty
+ * catalog that would erase the user's synced models.
+ */
+export async function fetchVolcPlanModels(
+  kind: VolcPlanKind,
+  cookieHeader: string,
+  csrfToken: string
+): Promise<SyncedAvailableModelInput[]> {
+  if (!cookieHeader || !csrfToken) {
+    throw new Error("Volcano console cookie or csrfToken is missing — re-bind the plan");
+  }
+
+  // Validate the subscription/credentials are still live.
+  const detected = await detectPlan(kind, cookieHeader, csrfToken);
+  if (!detected.available) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Volcano ${kind} plan unavailable${detected.error ? `: ${detected.error}` : ""} — re-bind the plan`
+    );
+  }
+
+  const cfg = PLAN_DISCOVERY_CONFIG[kind];
+  const payload: JsonRecord = { ...cfg.payload };
+  if (cfg.requiresAccountId) {
+    const accountId = extractAccountId(cookieHeader);
+    if (accountId === null) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Volcano ${kind} plan discovery requires AccountId, but none found in console cookie — re-bind the plan`
+      );
+    }
+    payload.AccountId = accountId;
+  }
+  const result = await callConsoleApiDirect(
+    cfg.action,
+    payload,
+    cookieHeader,
+    csrfToken,
+    cfg.referer
+  );
+  if (!result.ok) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Volcano ${kind} plan model discovery (${cfg.action}) failed${result.error ? `: ${result.error}` : ""}`
+    );
+  }
+
+  const discovered =
+    kind === "agent" ? parseAgentPlanModels(result.json) : parseCodingPlanModels(result.json);
+  if (discovered.length === 0) {
+    throw new Error(`Volcano ${kind} plan returned no usable models`);
+  }
+  return discovered.map(enrichModel);
+}
+
+export function providerToVolcPlanKind(providerId: string): VolcPlanKind | null {
+  const id = providerId.trim().toLowerCase();
+  if (id === "volcengine-agent-plan") return "agent";
+  if (id === "volcengine-coding-plan") return "coding";
+  return null;
+}