diff --git a/src/shared/components/ModelSelectModal.tsx b/src/shared/components/ModelSelectModal.tsx
index f8f83d2eed..71b36c33b0 100644
--- a/src/shared/components/ModelSelectModal.tsx
+++ b/src/shared/components/ModelSelectModal.tsx
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ export default function ModelSelectModal({
   modelAliases = {},
 }) {
   const [searchQuery, setSearchQuery] = useState("");
-  const [combos, setCombos] = useState([]);
-  const [providerNodes, setProviderNodes] = useState([]);
-  const [customModels, setCustomModels] = useState({});
+  const [combos, setCombos] = useState<any[]>([]);
+  const [providerNodes, setProviderNodes] = useState<any[]>([]);
+  const [customModels, setCustomModels] = useState<Record<string, any>>({});
 
   const fetchCombos = async () => {
     try {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ export default function ModelSelectModal({
 
   // Group models by provider with priority order
   const groupedModels = useMemo(() => {
-    const groups = {};
+    const groups: Record<string, any> = {};
 
     // Get all active provider IDs from connections
     const activeConnectionIds = activeProviders.map((p) => p.provider);
@@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ export default function ModelSelectModal({
       const providerCustomModels = customModels[providerId] || [];
 
       if (providerInfo.passthroughModels) {
-        const aliasModels = Object.entries(modelAliases)
-          .filter(([, fullModel]) => fullModel.startsWith(`${alias}/`))
-          .map(([aliasName, fullModel]) => ({
+        const aliasModels = Object.entries(modelAliases as Record<string, string>)
+          .filter(([, fullModel]: [string, string]) => fullModel.startsWith(`${alias}/`))
+          .map(([aliasName, fullModel]: [string, string]) => ({
             id: fullModel.replace(`${alias}/`, ""),
             name: aliasName,
             value: fullModel,
@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@ export default function ModelSelectModal({
         const matchedNode = providerNodes.find((node) => node.id === providerId);
         const displayName = matchedNode?.name || providerInfo.name;
 
-        const nodeModels = Object.entries(modelAliases)
-          .filter(([, fullModel]) => fullModel.startsWith(`${providerId}/`))
-          .map(([aliasName, fullModel]) => ({
+        const nodeModels = Object.entries(modelAliases as Record<string, string>)
+          .filter(([, fullModel]: [string, string]) => fullModel.startsWith(`${providerId}/`))
+          .map(([aliasName, fullModel]: [string, string]) => ({
             id: fullModel.replace(`${providerId}/`, ""),
             name: aliasName,
             value: fullModel,
@@ -227,9 +227,9 @@ export default function ModelSelectModal({
     if (!searchQuery.trim()) return groupedModels;
 
     const query = searchQuery.toLowerCase();
-    const filtered = {};
+    const filtered: Record<string, any> = {};
 
-    Object.entries(groupedModels).forEach(([providerId, group]) => {
+    Object.entries(groupedModels).forEach(([providerId, group]: [string, any]) => {
       const matchedModels = group.models.filter(
         (m) => m.name.toLowerCase().includes(query) || m.id.toLowerCase().includes(query)
       );
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ export default function ModelSelectModal({
     return filtered;
   }, [groupedModels, searchQuery]);
 
-  const handleSelect = (model) => {
+  const handleSelect = (model: any) => {
     onSelect(model);
     onClose();
     setSearchQuery("");
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ export default function ModelSelectModal({
         )}
 
         {/* Provider models */}
-        {Object.entries(filteredGroups).map(([providerId, group]) => (
+        {Object.entries(filteredGroups).map(([providerId, group]: [string, any]) => (
           <div key={providerId}>
             {/* Provider header */}
             <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 mb-1.5 sticky top-0 bg-surface py-0.5">
diff --git a/src/shared/components/UsageAnalytics.tsx b/src/shared/components/UsageAnalytics.tsx
index bceb6f1067..852743828c 100644
--- a/src/shared/components/UsageAnalytics.tsx
+++ b/src/shared/components/UsageAnalytics.tsx
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ import {
 
 export default function UsageAnalytics() {
   const [range, setRange] = useState("30d");
-  const [analytics, setAnalytics] = useState(null);
+  const [analytics, setAnalytics] = useState<any>(null);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
-  const [error, setError] = useState(null);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
   const fetchAnalytics = useCallback(async () => {
     try {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ export default function UsageAnalytics() {
       setAnalytics(data);
       setError(null);
     } catch (err) {
-      setError(err.message);
+      setError((err as any).message);
     } finally {
       setLoading(false);
     }
diff --git a/src/shared/components/UsageStats.tsx b/src/shared/components/UsageStats.tsx
index 35f1063f5b..6c149d5506 100644
--- a/src/shared/components/UsageStats.tsx
+++ b/src/shared/components/UsageStats.tsx
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import Badge from "./Badge";
 import { CardSkeleton } from "./Loading";
 import { fmtFull, fmtCost } from "@/shared/utils/formatting";
 
-function SortIcon({ field, currentSort, currentOrder }) {
+function SortIcon({ field, currentSort, currentOrder }: { field: string; currentSort: string; currentOrder: string }) {
   if (currentSort !== field) return <span className="ml-1 opacity-20">↕</span>;
   return <span className="ml-1">{currentOrder === "asc" ? "↑" : "↓"}</span>;
 }
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ SortIcon.propTypes = {
   currentOrder: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
 };
 
-function MiniBarGraph({ data, colorClass = "bg-primary" }) {
+function MiniBarGraph({ data, colorClass = "bg-primary" }: { data: number[]; colorClass?: string }) {
   const max = Math.max(...data, 1);
   return (
     <div className="flex items-end gap-1 h-8 w-24">
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ export default function UsageStats() {
   const sortBy = searchParams.get("sortBy") || "rawModel";
   const sortOrder = searchParams.get("sortOrder") || "asc";
 
-  const [stats, setStats] = useState(null);
+  const [stats, setStats] = useState<any>(null);
   const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
   const [autoRefresh, setAutoRefresh] = useState(true);
   const [viewMode, setViewMode] = useState("tokens"); // 'tokens' or 'costs'
   const [refreshInterval, setRefreshInterval] = useState(5000); // Start with 5s
   const prevTotalRequestsRef = useRef(0);
 
-  const toggleSort = (field) => {
+  const toggleSort = (field: string) => {
     const params = new URLSearchParams(searchParams.toString());
     if (sortBy === field) {
       params.set("sortOrder", sortOrder === "asc" ? "desc" : "asc");
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ export default function UsageStats() {
   };
 
   const sortData = useCallback(
-    (dataMap, pendingMap = {}) => {
+    (dataMap: Record<string, any>, pendingMap: Record<string, any> = {}) => {
       return Object.entries(dataMap || {})
-        .map(([key, data]) => {
+        .map(([key, data]: [string, any]) => {
           const totalTokens = (data.promptTokens || 0) + (data.completionTokens || 0);
           const totalCost = data.cost || 0;
 
@@ -111,9 +111,9 @@ export default function UsageStats() {
   const sortedAccounts = useMemo(() => {
     // For accounts, pendingMap is by connectionId, but dataMap is by accountKey
     // We need to map connectionId pending counts to accountKeys
-    const accountPendingMap = {};
+    const accountPendingMap: Record<string, any> = {};
     if (stats?.pending?.byAccount) {
-      Object.entries(stats.byAccount || {}).forEach(([accountKey, data]) => {
+      Object.entries(stats.byAccount || {}).forEach(([accountKey, data]: [string, any]) => {
         const connPending = stats.pending.byAccount[data.connectionId];
         if (connPending) {
           // Get modelKey (rawModel (provider))
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ export default function UsageStats() {
     return sortData(stats?.byAccount, accountPendingMap);
   }, [stats?.byAccount, stats?.pending?.byAccount, sortData]);
 
-  const fetchStats = useCallback(async (showLoading = true) => {
+  const fetchStats = useCallback(async (showLoading = true): Promise<void> => {
     if (showLoading) setLoading(true);
     try {
       const res = await fetch("/api/usage/history");
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ export default function UsageStats() {
   }, [fetchStats]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    let intervalId;
+    let intervalId: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | undefined;
     let isPageVisible = true;
 
     // Page Visibility API - pause when tab is hidden
@@ -191,16 +191,16 @@ export default function UsageStats() {
   if (!stats) return <div className="text-text-muted">Failed to load usage statistics.</div>;
 
   // Format number with commas — delegated to shared module
-  const fmt = (n) => fmtFull(n);
+  const fmt = (n: number) => fmtFull(n);
 
   // Format cost with dollar sign and 2 decimals — delegated to shared module
 
   // Time format for "Last Used"
-  const fmtTime = (iso) => {
+  const fmtTime = (iso: string) => {
     if (!iso) return "Never";
     const date = new Date(iso);
     const now = new Date();
-    const diffMs = now - date;
+    const diffMs = now.getTime() - date.getTime();
     const diffMins = Math.floor(diffMs / 60000);
 
     if (diffMins < 1) return "Just now";
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ export default function UsageStats() {
                     {data.rawModel}
                   </td>
                   <td className="px-6 py-3">
-                    <Badge variant={data.pending > 0 ? "primary" : "neutral"} size="sm">
+                    <Badge variant={data.pending > 0 ? "primary" : "default"} size="sm">
                       {data.provider}
                     </Badge>
                   </td>
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ export default function UsageStats() {
                     {data.rawModel}
                   </td>
                   <td className="px-6 py-3">
-                    <Badge variant={data.pending > 0 ? "primary" : "neutral"} size="sm">
+                    <Badge variant={data.pending > 0 ? "primary" : "default"} size="sm">
                       {data.provider}
                     </Badge>
                   </td>
diff --git a/src/shared/components/analytics/charts.tsx b/src/shared/components/analytics/charts.tsx
index 71c39f9fe9..8c0f2930d5 100644
--- a/src/shared/components/analytics/charts.tsx
+++ b/src/shared/components/analytics/charts.tsx
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import {
 
 // ── Custom Tooltip for dark theme ──────────────────────────────────────────
 
-function DarkTooltip({ active, payload, label, formatter }) {
+function DarkTooltip({ active, payload, label, formatter }: { active?: boolean; payload?: any[]; label?: any; formatter?: Function }) {
   if (!active || !payload?.length) return null;
   return (
     <div className="rounded-lg border border-white/10 bg-surface px-3 py-2 text-xs shadow-lg">
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ function DarkTooltip({ active, payload, label, formatter }) {
 
 // ── Sort Indicator (shared by tables) ──────────────────────────────────────
 
-export function SortIndicator({ active, sortOrder }) {
+export function SortIndicator({ active, sortOrder }: { active: boolean; sortOrder: string }) {
   if (!active) {
     return (
       <span className="material-symbols-outlined text-[12px] opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-30">
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ export function SortIndicator({ active, sortOrder }) {
 
 // ── StatCard ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-export function StatCard({ icon, label, value, subValue, color = "text-text-main" }) {
+export function StatCard({ icon, label, value, subValue, color = "text-text-main" }: { icon: any; label: any; value: any; subValue?: any; color?: string }) {
   return (
     <Card className="px-4 py-3 flex flex-col gap-1">
       <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-text-muted text-xs uppercase font-semibold tracking-wider">
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ export function ActivityHeatmap({ activityMap }) {
         <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold text-text-muted uppercase tracking-wider">Activity</h3>
         <span className="text-xs text-text-muted">
           {Object.keys(activityMap || {}).length} active days ·{" "}
-          {fmt(Object.values(activityMap || {}).reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0))} tokens · 365 days
+          {fmt(Object.values(activityMap || {}).reduce((a: number, b: number) => a + b, 0))} tokens · 365 days
         </span>
       </div>
 
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ export function DailyTrendChart({ dailyTrend }) {
 
 // ── Cost-aware Tooltip ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-function CostTooltip({ active, payload, label }) {
+function CostTooltip({ active, payload, label }: { active?: boolean; payload?: any[]; label?: any }) {
   if (!active || !payload?.length) return null;
   return (
     <div className="rounded-lg border border-white/10 bg-surface px-3 py-2 text-xs shadow-lg">
diff --git a/src/shared/services/backupService.ts b/src/shared/services/backupService.ts
index 33c580090a..4997033115 100644
--- a/src/shared/services/backupService.ts
+++ b/src/shared/services/backupService.ts
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ const MAX_BACKUPS_PER_TOOL = 5;
 /**
  * Get backup directory for a specific tool
  */
-function getToolBackupDir(toolId) {
+function getToolBackupDir(toolId: string) {
   return path.join(BACKUP_DIR, toolId);
 }
 
 /**
  * Ensure backup directory exists for a tool
  */
-async function ensureBackupDir(toolId) {
+async function ensureBackupDir(toolId: string) {
   const dir = getToolBackupDir(toolId);
   await fs.mkdir(dir, { recursive: true });
   return dir;
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ async function ensureBackupDir(toolId) {
 /**
  * Generate a backup filename with timestamp
  */
-function makeBackupName(originalPath) {
+function makeBackupName(originalPath: string) {
   const ext = path.extname(originalPath);
   const base = path.basename(originalPath, ext);
   const ts = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[:.]/g, "-");
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ function makeBackupName(originalPath) {
  * Create a backup of a file before modifying it.
  * Returns the backup path, or null if the source doesn't exist.
  */
-export async function createBackup(toolId, filePath) {
+export async function createBackup(toolId: string, filePath: string) {
   try {
     await fs.access(filePath);
   } catch {
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ export async function createBackup(toolId, filePath) {
  * Create backups for multiple files in one operation (e.g. Codex config.toml + auth.json).
  * Returns an array of backup paths.
  */
-export async function createMultiBackup(toolId, filePaths) {
-  const results = [];
+export async function createMultiBackup(toolId: string, filePaths: string[]) {
+  const results: (string | null)[] = [];
   for (const filePath of filePaths) {
     const result = await createBackup(toolId, filePath);
     results.push(result);
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ export async function createMultiBackup(toolId, filePaths) {
 /**
  * List all backups for a tool (sorted newest first).
  */
-export async function listBackups(toolId) {
+export async function listBackups(toolId: string) {
   const dir = getToolBackupDir(toolId);
 
   let entries;
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ export async function listBackups(toolId) {
   }
 
   const metaFiles = entries.filter((e) => e.endsWith(".meta.json"));
-  const backups = [];
+  const backups: any[] = [];
 
   for (const metaFile of metaFiles) {
     try {
@@ -127,14 +127,14 @@ export async function listBackups(toolId) {
   }
 
   // Sort newest first
-  backups.sort((a, b) => new Date(b.createdAt) - new Date(a.createdAt));
+  backups.sort((a, b) => new Date(b.createdAt).getTime() - new Date(a.createdAt).getTime());
   return backups;
 }
 
 /**
  * Restore a backup by its id (filename).
  */
-export async function restoreBackup(toolId, backupId) {
+export async function restoreBackup(toolId: string, backupId: string) {
   const dir = getToolBackupDir(toolId);
   const backupPath = path.join(dir, backupId);
   const metaPath = backupPath + ".meta.json";
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ export async function restoreBackup(toolId, backupId) {
 /**
  * Delete a specific backup by its id.
  */
-export async function deleteBackup(toolId, backupId) {
+export async function deleteBackup(toolId: string, backupId: string) {
   const dir = getToolBackupDir(toolId);
   const backupPath = path.join(dir, backupId);
   const metaPath = backupPath + ".meta.json";
@@ -196,18 +196,18 @@ export async function deleteBackup(toolId, backupId) {
  * Enforce max backups per tool — removes oldest when limit exceeded.
  * Groups by original file basename so each config file gets its own rotation.
  */
-async function rotateBackups(toolId) {
+async function rotateBackups(toolId: string) {
   const all = await listBackups(toolId);
 
   // Group by original file basename
-  const groups = {};
+  const groups: Record<string, any[]> = {};
   for (const b of all) {
     const key = path.basename(b.originalPath);
     if (!groups[key]) groups[key] = [];
     groups[key].push(b);
   }
 
-  for (const [, group] of Object.entries(groups)) {
+  for (const [, group] of Object.entries(groups) as [string, any[]][]) {
     // Already sorted newest first
     if (group.length > MAX_BACKUPS_PER_TOOL) {
       const toDelete = group.slice(MAX_BACKUPS_PER_TOOL);
diff --git a/src/sse/handlers/chat.ts b/src/sse/handlers/chat.ts
index 125b0ac66d..57a2df45b4 100644
--- a/src/sse/handlers/chat.ts
+++ b/src/sse/handlers/chat.ts
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ import { logAuditEvent } from "../../lib/compliance/index";
  * Supports: OpenAI, Claude, Gemini, OpenAI Responses API formats
  * Format detection and translation handled by translator
  */
-export async function handleChat(request, clientRawRequest = null) {
+export async function handleChat(request: any, clientRawRequest: any = null) {
   // Pipeline: Start request telemetry
   const reqId = generateRequestId();
   const telemetry = new RequestTelemetry(reqId);
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ export async function handleChat(request, clientRawRequest = null) {
 
     // Pre-check function: skip models where all accounts are in cooldown
     // Uses modelAvailability module for TTL-based cooldowns
-    const checkModelAvailable = async (modelString) => {
+    const checkModelAvailable = async (modelString: string) => {
       const parsed = parseModel(modelString);
       const provider = parsed.provider;
       if (!provider) return true; // can't determine provider, let it try
@@ -178,10 +178,10 @@ export async function handleChat(request, clientRawRequest = null) {
     ]);
     telemetry.endPhase();
 
-    const response = await handleComboChat({
+    const response = await (handleComboChat as any)({
       body,
       combo,
-      handleSingleModel: (b, m) =>
+      handleSingleModel: (b: any, m: string) =>
         handleSingleModelChat(b, m, clientRawRequest, request, combo.name, apiKeyInfo, telemetry),
       isModelAvailable: checkModelAvailable,
       log,
@@ -217,24 +217,24 @@ export async function handleChat(request, clientRawRequest = null) {
  * credential retry loop.
  */
 async function handleSingleModelChat(
-  body,
-  modelStr,
-  clientRawRequest = null,
-  request = null,
-  comboName = null,
-  apiKeyInfo = null,
-  telemetry = null
+  body: any,
+  modelStr: string,
+  clientRawRequest: any = null,
+  request: any = null,
+  comboName: string | null = null,
+  apiKeyInfo: any = null,
+  telemetry: any = null
 ) {
   // 1. Resolve model → provider/model (or return error)
   const modelInfo = await getModelInfo(modelStr);
   if (!modelInfo.provider) {
-    if (modelInfo.errorType === "ambiguous_model") {
+    if ((modelInfo as any).errorType === "ambiguous_model") {
       const message =
-        modelInfo.errorMessage ||
+        (modelInfo as any).errorMessage ||
         `Ambiguous model '${modelStr}'. Use provider/model prefix (ex: gh/${modelStr} or cc/${modelStr}).`;
       log.warn("CHAT", message, {
         model: modelStr,
-        candidates: modelInfo.candidateAliases || modelInfo.candidateProviders || [],
+        candidates: (modelInfo as any).candidateAliases || (modelInfo as any).candidateProviders || [],
       });
       return errorResponse(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST, message);
     }
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ async function handleSingleModelChat(
   // Pipeline: Check model availability (TTL cooldown)
   if (!isModelAvailable(provider, model)) {
     log.warn("AVAILABILITY", `${provider}/${model} is in cooldown, rejecting request`);
-    return unavailableResponse(
+    return (unavailableResponse as any)(
       HTTP_STATUS.SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
       `Model ${provider}/${model} is temporarily unavailable (cooldown)`,
       30
@@ -267,11 +267,11 @@ async function handleSingleModelChat(
   const breaker = getCircuitBreaker(provider, {
     failureThreshold: 5,
     resetTimeout: 30000,
-    onStateChange: (name, from, to) => log.info("CIRCUIT", `${name}: ${from} → ${to}`),
+    onStateChange: (name: string, from: string, to: string) => log.info("CIRCUIT", `${name}: ${from} → ${to}`),
   });
   if (!breaker.canExecute()) {
     log.warn("CIRCUIT", `Circuit breaker OPEN for ${provider}, rejecting request`);
-    return unavailableResponse(
+    return (unavailableResponse as any)(
       HTTP_STATUS.SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
       `Provider ${provider} circuit breaker is open`,
       30
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ async function handleSingleModelChat(
     try {
       const chatFn = () =>
         runWithProxyContext(proxyInfo?.proxy || null, () =>
-          handleChatCore({
+          (handleChatCore as any)({
             body: { ...body, model: `${provider}/${model}` },
             modelInfo: { provider, model },
             credentials: refreshedCredentials,
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ async function handleSingleModelChat(
             apiKeyInfo,
             userAgent,
             comboName,
-            onCredentialsRefreshed: async (newCreds) => {
+            onCredentialsRefreshed: async (newCreds: any) => {
               await updateProviderCredentials(credentials.connectionId, {
                 accessToken: newCreds.accessToken,
                 refreshToken: newCreds.refreshToken,
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ async function handleSingleModelChat(
     } catch (cbErr) {
       if (cbErr instanceof CircuitBreakerOpenError) {
         log.warn("CIRCUIT", `${provider} circuit open during retry: ${cbErr.message}`);
-        return unavailableResponse(
+        return (unavailableResponse as any)(
           HTTP_STATUS.SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
           `Provider ${provider} circuit breaker is open`,
           Math.ceil(cbErr.retryAfterMs / 1000)
@@ -425,12 +425,12 @@ async function handleSingleModelChat(
 // ──── Extracted helpers (T-28) ────
 
 function handleNoCredentials(
-  credentials,
-  excludeConnectionId,
-  provider,
-  model,
-  lastError,
-  lastStatus
+  credentials: any,
+  excludeConnectionId: string | null,
+  provider: string,
+  model: string,
+  lastError: string | null,
+  lastStatus: number | null
 ) {
   if (credentials?.allRateLimited) {
     const errorMsg = lastError || credentials.lastError || "Unavailable";
@@ -455,10 +455,10 @@ function handleNoCredentials(
   );
 }
 
-async function safeResolveProxy(connectionId) {
+async function safeResolveProxy(connectionId: string) {
   try {
     return await resolveProxyForConnection(connectionId);
-  } catch (proxyErr) {
+  } catch (proxyErr: any) {
     log.debug("PROXY", `Failed to resolve proxy: ${proxyErr.message}`);
     return null;
   }
diff --git a/src/sse/handlers/chatHelpers.ts b/src/sse/handlers/chatHelpers.ts
index 9b45a8ffc7..9211a36214 100644
--- a/src/sse/handlers/chatHelpers.ts
+++ b/src/sse/handlers/chatHelpers.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import {
 } from "@omniroute/open-sse/config/providerModels.js";
 import { logProxyEvent } from "../../lib/proxyLogger";
 import { logTranslationEvent } from "../../lib/translatorEvents";
-import { updateProviderCredentials } from "../services/auth";
+// updateProviderCredentials is dynamically imported from ../services/auth when needed
 
 const HTTP_STATUS = {
   BAD_REQUEST: 400,
@@ -34,17 +34,17 @@ const HTTP_STATUS = {
  * @param {Function} errorResponse - Error response factory
  * @returns {Promise<{ error?: Response, provider: string, model: string, sourceFormat: string, targetFormat: string }>}
  */
-export async function resolveModelOrError(modelStr, body, log, errorResponse) {
+export async function resolveModelOrError(modelStr: string, body: any, log: any, errorResponse: Function) {
   const modelInfo = await getModelInfo(modelStr);
 
   if (!modelInfo.provider) {
-    if (modelInfo.errorType === "ambiguous_model") {
+    if ((modelInfo as any).errorType === "ambiguous_model") {
       const message =
-        modelInfo.errorMessage ||
+        (modelInfo as any).errorMessage ||
         `Ambiguous model '${modelStr}'. Use provider/model prefix (ex: gh/${modelStr} or cc/${modelStr}).`;
       log.warn("CHAT", message, {
         model: modelStr,
-        candidates: modelInfo.candidateAliases || modelInfo.candidateProviders || [],
+        candidates: (modelInfo as any).candidateAliases || (modelInfo as any).candidateProviders || [],
       });
       return { error: errorResponse(HTTP_STATUS.BAD_REQUEST, message) };
     }
@@ -155,7 +155,8 @@ export function buildChatCoreParams({
     apiKeyInfo,
     userAgent,
     comboName,
-    onCredentialsRefreshed: async (newCreds) => {
+    onCredentialsRefreshed: async (newCreds: any) => {
+      const { updateProviderCredentials } = await import("../services/tokenRefresh");
       await updateProviderCredentials(credentials.connectionId, {
         accessToken: newCreds.accessToken,
         refreshToken: newCreds.refreshToken,
diff --git a/src/sse/services/tokenRefresh.ts b/src/sse/services/tokenRefresh.ts
index 8e2b1e0578..94bb62e958 100644
--- a/src/sse/services/tokenRefresh.ts
+++ b/src/sse/services/tokenRefresh.ts
@@ -19,42 +19,41 @@ import {
 
 export const TOKEN_EXPIRY_BUFFER_MS = BUFFER_MS;
 
-// Wrap functions with local logger
-export const refreshAccessToken = (provider, refreshToken, credentials) =>
+export const refreshAccessToken = (provider: string, refreshToken: string, credentials: any) =>
   _refreshAccessToken(provider, refreshToken, credentials, log);
 
-export const refreshClaudeOAuthToken = (refreshToken) =>
+export const refreshClaudeOAuthToken = (refreshToken: string) =>
   _refreshClaudeOAuthToken(refreshToken, log);
 
-export const refreshGoogleToken = (refreshToken, clientId, clientSecret) =>
+export const refreshGoogleToken = (refreshToken: string, clientId: string, clientSecret: string) =>
   _refreshGoogleToken(refreshToken, clientId, clientSecret, log);
 
-export const refreshQwenToken = (refreshToken) => _refreshQwenToken(refreshToken, log);
+export const refreshQwenToken = (refreshToken: string) => _refreshQwenToken(refreshToken, log);
 
-export const refreshCodexToken = (refreshToken) => _refreshCodexToken(refreshToken, log);
+export const refreshCodexToken = (refreshToken: string) => _refreshCodexToken(refreshToken, log);
 
-export const refreshIflowToken = (refreshToken) => _refreshIflowToken(refreshToken, log);
+export const refreshIflowToken = (refreshToken: string) => _refreshIflowToken(refreshToken, log);
 
-export const refreshGitHubToken = (refreshToken) => _refreshGitHubToken(refreshToken, log);
+export const refreshGitHubToken = (refreshToken: string) => _refreshGitHubToken(refreshToken, log);
 
-export const refreshCopilotToken = (githubAccessToken) =>
+export const refreshCopilotToken = (githubAccessToken: string) =>
   _refreshCopilotToken(githubAccessToken, log);
 
-export const getAccessToken = (provider, credentials) =>
+export const getAccessToken = (provider: string, credentials: any) =>
   _getAccessToken(provider, credentials, log);
 
-export const refreshTokenByProvider = (provider, credentials) =>
+export const refreshTokenByProvider = (provider: string, credentials: any) =>
   _refreshTokenByProvider(provider, credentials, log);
 
-export const formatProviderCredentials = (provider, credentials) =>
+export const formatProviderCredentials = (provider: string, credentials: any) =>
   _formatProviderCredentials(provider, credentials, log);
 
-export const getAllAccessTokens = (userInfo) => _getAllAccessTokens(userInfo, log);
+export const getAllAccessTokens = (userInfo: any) => _getAllAccessTokens(userInfo, log);
 
 // Local-specific: Update credentials in localDb
-export async function updateProviderCredentials(connectionId, newCredentials) {
+export async function updateProviderCredentials(connectionId: string, newCredentials: any) {
   try {
-    const updates = {};
+    const updates: Record<string, any> = {};
 
     if (newCredentials.accessToken) {
       updates.accessToken = newCredentials.accessToken;
@@ -79,14 +78,14 @@ export async function updateProviderCredentials(connectionId, newCredentials) {
   } catch (error) {
     log.error("TOKEN_REFRESH", "Error updating credentials in localDb", {
       connectionId,
-      error: error.message,
+      error: (error as any).message,
     });
     return false;
   }
 }
 
 // Local-specific: Check and refresh token proactively
-export async function checkAndRefreshToken(provider, credentials) {
+export async function checkAndRefreshToken(provider: string, credentials: any) {
   let updatedCredentials = { ...credentials };
 
   // Check regular token expiry
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ export async function checkAndRefreshToken(provider, credentials) {
 }
 
 // Local-specific: Refresh GitHub and Copilot tokens together
-export async function refreshGitHubAndCopilotTokens(credentials) {
+export async function refreshGitHubAndCopilotTokens(credentials: any) {
   const newGitHubCredentials = await refreshGitHubToken(credentials.refreshToken);
   if (newGitHubCredentials?.accessToken) {
     const copilotToken = await refreshCopilotToken(newGitHubCredentials.accessToken);