diff --git a/open-sse/handlers/chatCore.ts b/open-sse/handlers/chatCore.ts
index 7a2887b641..33dd3bba45 100644
--- a/open-sse/handlers/chatCore.ts
+++ b/open-sse/handlers/chatCore.ts
@@ -1290,11 +1290,12 @@ export async function handleChatCore({
             `[provider] Node ${connectionId} account deactivated (${statusCode}) — disabling permanently`
           );
         } else if (errorType === PROVIDER_ERROR_TYPES.RATE_LIMITED) {
-          // For passthrough providers (e.g. Antigravity), each model has independent
-          // quota.  A 429 on one model must NOT lock out the entire connection — other
-          // models may still have quota available.  Use lockModel() instead.
+          // For providers with per-model quotas (passthrough providers, Gemini),
+          // each model has independent quota. A 429 on one model must NOT lock out
+          // the entire connection — other models may still have quota available.
+          // Use lockModel() instead.
           const isPassthrough = provider && getPassthroughProviders().has(provider);
-          if (isPassthrough) {
+          if (isPassthrough || provider === "gemini") {
             const { lockModel } = await import("../services/accountFallback.ts");
             const cooldown = retryAfterMs || 120_000; // 2 min default, same as COOLDOWN_MS.rateLimit
             lockModel(provider, connectionId, model, "rate_limited", cooldown);
@@ -1317,13 +1318,23 @@ export async function handleChatCore({
             );
           }
         } else if (errorType === PROVIDER_ERROR_TYPES.QUOTA_EXHAUSTED) {
-          await updateProviderConnection(connectionId, {
-            testStatus: "credits_exhausted",
-            lastErrorType: errorType,
-            lastError: message,
-            errorCode: statusCode,
-          });
-          console.warn(`[provider] Node ${connectionId} exhausted quota (${statusCode})`);
+          // Gemini has per-model quotas — lock the model only, not the connection
+          if (provider === "gemini" && model) {
+            const { lockModel } = await import("../services/accountFallback.ts");
+            const cooldown = retryAfterMs || 120_000;
+            lockModel(provider, connectionId, model, "quota_exhausted", cooldown);
+            console.warn(
+              `[provider] Node ${connectionId} model-only quota exhausted (${statusCode}) for ${model} - ${Math.ceil(cooldown / 1000)}s (connection stays active)`
+            );
+          } else {
+            await updateProviderConnection(connectionId, {
+              testStatus: "credits_exhausted",
+              lastErrorType: errorType,
+              lastError: message,
+              errorCode: statusCode,
+            });
+            console.warn(`[provider] Node ${connectionId} exhausted quota (${statusCode})`);
+          }
         } else if (errorType === PROVIDER_ERROR_TYPES.ACCOUNT_DEACTIVATED) {
           await updateProviderConnection(connectionId, {
             isActive: false,
diff --git a/open-sse/services/rateLimitManager.ts b/open-sse/services/rateLimitManager.ts
index 2d7ba8549c..2b0dd54aa2 100644
--- a/open-sse/services/rateLimitManager.ts
+++ b/open-sse/services/rateLimitManager.ts
@@ -200,6 +200,11 @@ function getLimiterKey(provider, connectionId, model = null) {
   if (provider === "codex" && model) {
     return `${provider}:${getCodexRateLimitKey(connectionId, model)}`;
   }
+  // Gemini AI Studio has per-model quotas — use model-scoped limiter keys
+  // so a 429 on one model doesn't pause requests for other models.
+  if (provider === "gemini" && model) {
+    return `${provider}:${connectionId}:${model}`;
+  }
   return `${provider}:${connectionId}`;
 }
 
@@ -570,7 +575,7 @@ export function updateFromResponseBody(provider, connectionId, responseBody, sta
   const { retryAfterMs, reason } = parseRetryAfterFromBody(responseBody);
 
   if (retryAfterMs && retryAfterMs > 0) {
-    const limiter = getLimiter(provider, connectionId, null);
+    const limiter = getLimiter(provider, connectionId, model);
     console.log(
       `🚫 [RATE-LIMIT] ${provider}:${connectionId.slice(0, 8)} — body-parsed retry: ${Math.ceil(retryAfterMs / 1000)}s (${reason})`
     );
diff --git a/src/sse/services/auth.ts b/src/sse/services/auth.ts
index dd57be8069..4347c988aa 100644
--- a/src/sse/services/auth.ts
+++ b/src/sse/services/auth.ts
@@ -724,6 +724,23 @@ export async function markAccountUnavailable(
   try {
     await currentMutex;
 
+    // ── Gemini per-model lockout (must be before terminal status check) ──
+    // Gemini AI Studio has per-model quotas. A 429 on gemini-2.5-pro must NOT
+    // lock out gemini-2.5-flash on the same API key. Lock the specific model
+    // only and return early, before any connection-wide state is modified.
+    if (provider === "gemini" && model && (status === 429 || status === 404)) {
+      const reason = status === 404 ? "not_found" : "rate_limited";
+      const cooldown = status === 404
+        ? COOLDOWN_MS.notFoundLocal
+        : (COOLDOWN_MS.rateLimit || 60_000);
+      lockModel(provider, connectionId, model, reason, cooldown);
+      log.info(
+        "AUTH",
+        `Gemini model-only lockout for ${model} — ${status} ${reason} ${Math.ceil(cooldown / 1000)}s (connection stays active)`
+      );
+      return { shouldFallback: true, cooldownMs: cooldown };
+    }
+
     // Read current connection to get backoffLevel
     const connectionsRaw = await getProviderConnections({ provider });
     const connections = (Array.isArray(connectionsRaw) ? connectionsRaw : [])