OmniRoute/open-sse/services/rateLimitManager.ts

/**
 * Rate Limit Manager — Adaptive rate limiting using Bottleneck
 *
 * Creates per-provider+connection limiters that auto-learn rate limits
 * from API response headers (x-ratelimit-*, retry-after, anthropic-ratelimit-*).
 *
 * Default: ENABLED for API key providers (safety net), DISABLED for OAuth.
 * Can be toggled per provider connection via dashboard.
 */

import Bottleneck from "bottleneck";
import { parseRetryAfterFromBody } from "./accountFallback.ts";
import { getProviderCategory } from "../config/providerRegistry.ts";
import { getCodexRateLimitKey } from "../executors/codex.ts";
import {
  DEFAULT_RESILIENCE_SETTINGS,
  resolveResilienceSettings,
  type RequestQueueSettings,
} from "../../src/lib/resilience/settings";

interface LearnedLimitEntry {
  provider: string;
  connectionId: string;
  lastUpdated: number;
  limit?: number;
  remaining?: number;
  minTime?: number;
}

interface LimiterUpdateSettings {
  maxConcurrent?: number | null;
  minTime: number;
  reservoir?: number | null;
  reservoirRefreshAmount?: number | null;
  reservoirRefreshInterval?: number | null;
}

type JsonRecord = Record<string, unknown>;

function toRecord(value: unknown): JsonRecord {
  return value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value) ? (value as JsonRecord) : {};
}

function toNumber(value: unknown, fallback = 0): number {
  const parsed =
    typeof value === "number"
      ? value
      : typeof value === "string" && value.trim().length > 0
        ? Number(value)
        : Number.NaN;
  return Number.isFinite(parsed) ? parsed : fallback;
}

// Store limiters keyed by "provider:connectionId" (and optionally ":model")
const limiters = new Map<string, Bottleneck>();

// Store connections that have rate limit protection enabled
const enabledConnections = new Set<string>();

// Store learned limits for persistence (debounced)
const learnedLimits: Record<string, LearnedLimitEntry> = {};
let persistTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
const pendingAsyncOperations = new Set<Promise<unknown>>();
const PERSIST_DEBOUNCE_MS = 60_000; // Debounce persistence to every 60s max

// Track initialization
let initialized = false;

let currentRequestQueueSettings: RequestQueueSettings = DEFAULT_RESILIENCE_SETTINGS.requestQueue;

// Watchdog: detect Bottleneck limiters that are wedged (queue has work, but no
// jobs are dispatched). When the reservoir/refresh state desyncs from reality,
// this catches it and force-resets so traffic isn't stuck forever.
const lastDispatchAt = new Map<string, number>();
let watchdogInterval: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null = null;
const WATCHDOG_INTERVAL_MS = 30_000;
// Threshold has to exceed any *legitimate* gap between dispatches:
//  - default reservoirRefreshInterval is 60s
//  - adaptive minTime can climb to ~60s for 1-RPM providers (see updateFromHeaders)
// 120s gives a 2× margin against both, while still catching the actual wedge
// case we observed (queue stalled for 3+ minutes with no progress).
const WEDGE_THRESHOLD_MS = 120_000;

/**
 * Env-var override for the auto-enable safety net. Highest priority — wins
 * over the persisted dashboard setting. Use to disable in an incident without
 * needing dashboard access.
 *   RATE_LIMIT_AUTO_ENABLE=false  → never auto-enable
 *   RATE_LIMIT_AUTO_ENABLE=true   → force on regardless of dashboard
 *   (unset)                        → use dashboard setting
 */
function isAutoEnableActive(settings: RequestQueueSettings): boolean {
  const env = process.env.RATE_LIMIT_AUTO_ENABLE?.trim().toLowerCase();
  if (env === "false" || env === "0" || env === "off") return false;
  if (env === "true" || env === "1" || env === "on") return true;
  return settings.autoEnableApiKeyProviders;
}

function buildLimiterDefaults() {
  return {
    maxConcurrent: currentRequestQueueSettings.concurrentRequests,
    minTime: currentRequestQueueSettings.minTimeBetweenRequestsMs,
    reservoir: currentRequestQueueSettings.requestsPerMinute,
    reservoirRefreshAmount: currentRequestQueueSettings.requestsPerMinute,
    reservoirRefreshInterval: 60 * 1000,
  };
}

function updateAllLimiterSettings() {
  for (const limiter of limiters.values()) {
    limiter.updateSettings({
      maxConcurrent: currentRequestQueueSettings.concurrentRequests,
      minTime: currentRequestQueueSettings.minTimeBetweenRequestsMs,
      reservoir: currentRequestQueueSettings.requestsPerMinute,
      reservoirRefreshAmount: currentRequestQueueSettings.requestsPerMinute,
      reservoirRefreshInterval: 60 * 1000,
    });
  }
}

function reconcileEnabledConnections(
  connectionsRaw: unknown[],
  requestQueueSettings: RequestQueueSettings
) {
  const nextEnabledConnections = new Set<string>();
  let explicitCount = 0;
  let autoCount = 0;

  for (const connRaw of connectionsRaw) {
    const conn = toRecord(connRaw);
    const connectionId = typeof conn.id === "string" ? conn.id : "";
    const provider = typeof conn.provider === "string" ? conn.provider : "";
    const isActive = conn.isActive === true;
    const rateLimitProtection = conn.rateLimitProtection === true;
    if (!connectionId || !provider) continue;

    if (rateLimitProtection) {
      nextEnabledConnections.add(connectionId);
      explicitCount++;
      continue;
    }

    if (
      isAutoEnableActive(requestQueueSettings) &&
      getProviderCategory(provider) === "apikey" &&
      isActive
    ) {
      nextEnabledConnections.add(connectionId);
      autoCount++;

      // Route through getLimiter so the `queued`/`executing` listeners and
      // lastDispatchAt heartbeat are wired up — otherwise the watchdog sees
      // `stalledMs = now - 0` and falsely flags healthy idle limiters as wedged.
      getLimiter(provider, connectionId);
    }
  }

  for (const connectionId of Array.from(enabledConnections)) {
    if (!nextEnabledConnections.has(connectionId)) {
      disableRateLimitProtection(connectionId);
    }
  }

  for (const connectionId of nextEnabledConnections) {
    enabledConnections.add(connectionId);
  }

  return {
    explicitCount,
    autoCount,
  };
}

function watchdogTick() {
  const now = Date.now();
  for (const [key, limiter] of Array.from(limiters)) {
    const counts = limiter.counts();
    if (counts.QUEUED === 0) continue;
    if (counts.RUNNING > 0 || counts.EXECUTING > 0) continue;
    const lastDispatch = lastDispatchAt.get(key);
    // No heartbeat yet → seed it and skip this tick. Prevents false wedge
    // detection on a brand-new limiter or one created outside getLimiter.
    if (lastDispatch === undefined) {
      lastDispatchAt.set(key, now);
      continue;
    }
    const stalledMs = now - lastDispatch;
    if (stalledMs < WEDGE_THRESHOLD_MS) continue;

    console.warn(
      `🚨 [RATE-LIMIT] WEDGED: ${key} queued=${counts.QUEUED} running=0 executing=0 stalled=${stalledMs}ms — force-resetting`
    );
    limiters.delete(key);
    lastDispatchAt.delete(key);
    trackAsyncOperation(limiter.stop({ dropWaitingJobs: true }));
  }
}

export function startRateLimitWatchdog(): void {
  if (watchdogInterval) return;
  watchdogInterval = setInterval(watchdogTick, WATCHDOG_INTERVAL_MS);
  watchdogInterval.unref?.();
}

export function stopRateLimitWatchdog(): void {
  if (!watchdogInterval) return;
  clearInterval(watchdogInterval);
  watchdogInterval = null;
}

function trackAsyncOperation<T>(promise: Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
  pendingAsyncOperations.add(promise);
  promise.finally(() => {
    pendingAsyncOperations.delete(promise);
  });
  return promise;
}

/**
 * Initialize rate limit protection from persisted connection settings.
 * Called once on app startup.
 */
export async function initializeRateLimits() {
  if (initialized) return;
  initialized = true;

  try {
    const { getProviderConnections, getSettings } = await import("@/lib/localDb");
    const [connections, settings] = await Promise.all([getProviderConnections(), getSettings()]);
    const resilience = resolveResilienceSettings(settings);
    currentRequestQueueSettings = { ...resilience.requestQueue };
    const { explicitCount, autoCount } = reconcileEnabledConnections(
      connections as unknown[],
      currentRequestQueueSettings
    );
    updateAllLimiterSettings();

    if (explicitCount > 0 || autoCount > 0) {
      console.log(
        `🛡️ [RATE-LIMIT] Loaded ${explicitCount} explicit + ${autoCount} auto-enabled protection(s)`
      );
    }

    // Load persisted learned limits
    await loadPersistedLimits();

    // Watchdog runs unconditionally — cheap, only fires when something is
    // actually wedged.
    startRateLimitWatchdog();
  } catch (err) {
    console.error("[RATE-LIMIT] Failed to load settings:", err.message);
  }
}

export async function applyRequestQueueSettings(nextSettings: RequestQueueSettings) {
  currentRequestQueueSettings = { ...nextSettings };
  const { getProviderConnections } = await import("@/lib/localDb");
  const connections = await getProviderConnections();
  reconcileEnabledConnections(connections as unknown[], currentRequestQueueSettings);
  updateAllLimiterSettings();
}

/**
 * Enable rate limit protection for a connection
 */
export function enableRateLimitProtection(connectionId) {
  enabledConnections.add(connectionId);
}

/**
 * Disable rate limit protection for a connection
 */
export function disableRateLimitProtection(connectionId) {
  enabledConnections.delete(connectionId);
  // Clean up limiters for this connection. Use stop({dropWaitingJobs:true})
  // instead of disconnect() so any queued promises actually reject — disconnect
  // shuts the limiter down without draining the queue, leaking stuck callers.
  for (const [key] of Array.from(limiters)) {
    if (key.includes(connectionId)) {
      const limiter = limiters.get(key);
      limiters.delete(key);
      lastDispatchAt.delete(key);
      if (limiter) trackAsyncOperation(limiter.stop({ dropWaitingJobs: true }));
    }
  }
}

/**
 * Check if rate limit protection is enabled for a connection
 */
export function isRateLimitEnabled(connectionId) {
  return enabledConnections.has(connectionId);
}

/**
 * Get or create a limiter for a given provider+connection combination
 */
function getLimiterKey(provider, connectionId, model = null) {
  if (provider === "codex" && model) {
    return `${provider}:${getCodexRateLimitKey(connectionId, model)}`;
  }
  // Gemini AI Studio and GitHub Copilot have per-model quotas — use model-scoped
  // limiter keys so a 429 on one model doesn't pause requests for other models.
  if ((provider === "gemini" || provider === "github") && model) {
    return `${provider}:${connectionId}:${model}`;
  }
  return `${provider}:${connectionId}`;
}

function getLimiter(provider, connectionId, model = null) {
  const key = getLimiterKey(provider, connectionId, model);

  if (!limiters.has(key)) {
    const limiter = new Bottleneck({
      ...buildLimiterDefaults(),
      id: key,
    });

    // Log when jobs are queued
    limiter.on("queued", () => {
      const counts = limiter.counts();
      if (counts.QUEUED > 0) {
        console.log(
          `⏳ [RATE-LIMIT] ${key} — ${counts.QUEUED} request(s) queued, ${counts.RUNNING} running`
        );
      }
    });
    // Heartbeat: timestamp every dispatch so the watchdog can tell a healthy
    // queue (just dispatched a job) from a wedged one (queue has work but
    // nothing has been dispatched in a while).
    limiter.on("executing", () => {
      lastDispatchAt.set(key, Date.now());
    });

    limiters.set(key, limiter);
    lastDispatchAt.set(key, Date.now());
  }

  return limiters.get(key);
}

/**
 * Acquire a rate limit slot before making a request.
 * If rate limiting is disabled for this connection, returns immediately.
 *
 * @param {string} provider - Provider ID
 * @param {string} connectionId - Connection ID
 * @param {string} model - Model name (optional, for per-model limits)
 * @param {Function} fn - The async function to execute (e.g., executor.execute)
 * @param {AbortSignal} signal - Optional abort signal to cancel waiting
 * @returns {Promise<unknown>} Result of fn()
 */
export async function withRateLimit(provider, connectionId, model, fn, signal = null) {
  if (!enabledConnections.has(connectionId)) {
    return fn();
  }

  if (signal?.aborted) {
    const reason = signal.reason;
    if (reason instanceof Error) throw reason;
    const err = new Error(typeof reason === "string" ? reason : "The operation was aborted");
    err.name = "AbortError";
    throw err;
  }

  const limiter = getLimiter(provider, connectionId, model);
  const maxWaitMs = currentRequestQueueSettings.maxWaitMs;
  const scheduleOpts = maxWaitMs && maxWaitMs > 0 ? { expiration: maxWaitMs } : {};

  try {
    if (signal) {
      let abortListener: (() => void) | undefined;
      const abortPromise = new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
        const onAbort = () => {
          const reason = signal.reason;
          const err =
            reason instanceof Error
              ? reason
              : new Error(typeof reason === "string" ? reason : "The operation was aborted");
          err.name = "AbortError";
          reject(err);
        };
        if (signal.aborted) {
          onAbort();
          return;
        }
        abortListener = onAbort;
        signal.addEventListener("abort", abortListener, { once: true });
      });

      try {
        return await Promise.race([limiter.schedule(scheduleOpts, fn), abortPromise]);
      } finally {
        if (abortListener) {
          signal.removeEventListener("abort", abortListener);
        }
      }
    } else {
      return await limiter.schedule(scheduleOpts, fn);
    }
  } catch (err) {
    // Bottleneck throws when a job exceeds its expiration timeout.
    // Surface as a clear rate-limit timeout so callers can fallback.
    if (err?.message?.includes("This job timed out")) {
      const key = getLimiterKey(provider, connectionId, model);
      console.log(
        `⏰ [RATE-LIMIT] ${key} — job expired after ${Math.ceil((maxWaitMs || 0) / 1000)}s in queue, dropping`
      );
    }
    throw err;
  }
}

// ─── Header Parsing ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/**
 * Standard headers used by most providers (OpenAI, Fireworks, etc.)
 */
const STANDARD_HEADERS = {
  limit: "x-ratelimit-limit-requests",
  remaining: "x-ratelimit-remaining-requests",
  reset: "x-ratelimit-reset-requests",
  limitTokens: "x-ratelimit-limit-tokens",
  remainingTokens: "x-ratelimit-remaining-tokens",
  resetTokens: "x-ratelimit-reset-tokens",
  retryAfter: "retry-after",
  overLimit: "x-ratelimit-over-limit",
};

/**
 * Anthropic uses custom headers
 */
const ANTHROPIC_HEADERS = {
  limit: "anthropic-ratelimit-requests-limit",
  remaining: "anthropic-ratelimit-requests-remaining",
  reset: "anthropic-ratelimit-requests-reset",
  limitTokens: "anthropic-ratelimit-input-tokens-limit",
  remainingTokens: "anthropic-ratelimit-input-tokens-remaining",
  resetTokens: "anthropic-ratelimit-input-tokens-reset",
  retryAfter: "retry-after",
};

/**
 * Parse a reset time string into milliseconds.
 * Formats: "1s", "1m", "1h", "1ms", "60", ISO date, Unix timestamp
 */
function parseResetTime(value) {
  if (!value) return null;

  // Duration strings: "1s", "500ms", "1m30s"
  const durationMatch = value.match(/^(?:(\d+)h)?(?:(\d+)m(?!s))?(?:(\d+)s)?(?:(\d+)ms)?$/);
  if (durationMatch) {
    const [, h, m, s, ms] = durationMatch;
    return (
      (parseInt(h || 0) * 3600 + parseInt(m || 0) * 60 + parseInt(s || 0)) * 1000 +
      parseInt(ms || 0)
    );
  }

  // Pure number: assume seconds
  const num = parseFloat(value);
  if (!isNaN(num) && num > 0) {
    // If it looks like a Unix timestamp (> year 2025)
    if (num > 1700000000) {
      return Math.max(0, num * 1000 - Date.now());
    }
    return num * 1000;
  }

  // ISO date string
  try {
    const date = new Date(value);
    if (!isNaN(date.getTime())) {
      return Math.max(0, date.getTime() - Date.now());
    }
  } catch {}

  return null;
}

/**
 * Update rate limiter based on API response headers.
 * Called after every successful or failed response from a provider.
 *
 * @param {string} provider - Provider ID
 * @param {string} connectionId - Connection ID
 * @param {Headers} headers - Response headers
 * @param {number} status - HTTP status code
 * @param {string} model - Model name
 */
export function updateFromHeaders(provider, connectionId, headers, status, model = null) {
  if (!enabledConnections.has(connectionId)) return;
  if (!headers) return;

  const limiter = getLimiter(provider, connectionId, model);
  const headerMap =
    provider === "claude" || provider === "anthropic" ? ANTHROPIC_HEADERS : STANDARD_HEADERS;

  // Get header values (handle both Headers object and plain object)
  const getHeader = (name) => {
    if (typeof headers.get === "function") return headers.get(name);
    return headers[name] || null;
  };

  const limit = parseInt(getHeader(headerMap.limit));
  const remaining = parseInt(getHeader(headerMap.remaining));
  const resetStr = getHeader(headerMap.reset);
  const retryAfterStr = getHeader(headerMap.retryAfter);
  const overLimit = getHeader(STANDARD_HEADERS.overLimit);

  // Handle 429 — rate limited
  if (status === 429) {
    const retryAfterMs = parseResetTime(retryAfterStr) || 60000; // Default 60s
    const counts = limiter.counts();
    const limiterKey = getLimiterKey(provider, connectionId, model);
    console.log(
      `🚫 [RATE-LIMIT] ${provider}:${connectionId.slice(0, 8)} — 429 received, pausing for ${Math.ceil(retryAfterMs / 1000)}s, dropping ${counts.QUEUED} queued request(s)`
    );

    // Stop the limiter and drop all waiting jobs so they fail immediately
    // instead of hanging in the queue until reservoir refreshes (which can
    // be hours for providers like Codex with long rate limit windows).
    // This lets upstream callers (e.g. LiteLLM) trigger fallback to other providers.
    // Delete from the Map first so follow-up learning from the same error body
    // can materialize a fresh limiter immediately.
    limiters.delete(limiterKey);
    trackAsyncOperation(limiter.stop({ dropWaitingJobs: true }));
    return;
  }

  // Handle "over limit" soft warning (Fireworks)
  if (overLimit === "yes") {
    console.log(
      `⚠️ [RATE-LIMIT] ${provider}:${connectionId.slice(0, 8)} — near capacity, slowing down`
    );
    limiter.updateSettings({
      minTime: 200, // Add 200ms between requests
    });
    return;
  }

  // Normal response — update limiter from headers
  if (!isNaN(limit) && limit > 0) {
    const resetMs = parseResetTime(resetStr) || 60000;

    // Calculate optimal minTime from RPM limit
    const minTime = Math.max(0, Math.floor(60000 / limit) - 10); // Small buffer

    const updates: LimiterUpdateSettings = { minTime };

    // If remaining is low (< 10% of limit), set reservoir to throttle immediately
    if (!isNaN(remaining)) {
      if (remaining < limit * 0.1) {
        updates.reservoir = remaining;
        updates.reservoirRefreshAmount = limit;
        updates.reservoirRefreshInterval = resetMs;
        console.log(
          `⚠️ [RATE-LIMIT] ${provider}:${connectionId.slice(0, 8)} — ${remaining}/${limit} remaining, throttling`
        );
      } else if (remaining > limit * 0.5) {
        // Plenty of headroom — relax the limiter
        updates.minTime = 0;
        updates.reservoir = null;
        updates.reservoirRefreshAmount = null;
        updates.reservoirRefreshInterval = null;
      }
    }

    limiter.updateSettings(updates);

    // Persist learned limits (debounced)
    recordLearnedLimit(
      provider,
      connectionId,
      { limit, remaining, minTime: updates.minTime },
      model
    );
  }
}

/**
 * Get current rate limit status for a provider+connection (for dashboard display)
 */
export function getRateLimitStatus(provider, connectionId) {
  const key = `${provider}:${connectionId}`;
  const limiter = limiters.get(key);

  if (!limiter) {
    return {
      enabled: enabledConnections.has(connectionId),
      active: false,
      queued: 0,
      running: 0,
    };
  }

  const counts = limiter.counts();
  return {
    enabled: enabledConnections.has(connectionId),
    active: true,
    queued: counts.QUEUED || 0,
    running: counts.RUNNING || 0,
    executing: counts.EXECUTING || 0,
    done: counts.DONE || 0,
  };
}

/**
 * Get all active limiters status (for dashboard overview)
 */
export function getAllRateLimitStatus() {
  const result: Record<string, { queued: number; running: number; executing: number }> = {};
  for (const [key, limiter] of limiters) {
    const counts = limiter.counts();
    result[key] = {
      queued: counts.QUEUED || 0,
      running: counts.RUNNING || 0,
      executing: counts.EXECUTING || 0,
    };
  }
  return result;
}

/**
 * Get all learned limits (for dashboard display).
 */
export function getLearnedLimits() {
  return { ...learnedLimits };
}

// ─── Persistence ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

async function persistLearnedLimitsNow() {
  try {
    const { updateSettings } = await import("@/lib/db/settings");
    await updateSettings({ learnedRateLimits: JSON.stringify(learnedLimits) });
    console.log(
      `💾 [RATE-LIMIT] Persisted learned limits for ${Object.keys(learnedLimits).length} provider(s)`
    );
  } catch (err) {
    console.error("[RATE-LIMIT] Failed to persist learned limits:", err.message);
  }
}

/**
 * Record a learned limit for debounced persistence.
 */
function recordLearnedLimit(
  provider: string,
  connectionId: string,
  limits: Partial<Omit<LearnedLimitEntry, "provider" | "connectionId" | "lastUpdated">>,
  model: string | null = null
) {
  const key = getLimiterKey(provider, connectionId, model);
  learnedLimits[key] = {
    ...limits,
    provider,
    connectionId,
    lastUpdated: Date.now(),
  };

  // Debounce: save at most once per PERSIST_DEBOUNCE_MS
  if (!persistTimer) {
    persistTimer = setTimeout(async () => {
      persistTimer = null;
      await trackAsyncOperation(persistLearnedLimitsNow());
    }, PERSIST_DEBOUNCE_MS);
  }
}

export async function __flushLearnedLimitsForTests() {
  if (persistTimer) {
    clearTimeout(persistTimer);
    persistTimer = null;
  }
  await trackAsyncOperation(persistLearnedLimitsNow());
  if (pendingAsyncOperations.size > 0) {
    await Promise.allSettled(Array.from(pendingAsyncOperations));
  }
}

export async function __resetRateLimitManagerForTests() {
  if (persistTimer) {
    clearTimeout(persistTimer);
    persistTimer = null;
  }

  for (const limiter of limiters.values()) {
    limiter.disconnect();
  }
  limiters.clear();
  enabledConnections.clear();
  initialized = false;

  for (const key of Object.keys(learnedLimits)) {
    delete learnedLimits[key];
  }

  if (pendingAsyncOperations.size > 0) {
    await Promise.allSettled(Array.from(pendingAsyncOperations));
  }
}

export async function __getLimiterStateForTests(provider, connectionId, model = null) {
  const key = getLimiterKey(provider, connectionId, model);
  const limiter = limiters.get(key);
  if (!limiter) return null;

  const counts = limiter.counts();
  const reservoir = await limiter.currentReservoir();
  return {
    key,
    reservoir,
    queued: counts.QUEUED || 0,
    running: counts.RUNNING || 0,
    executing: counts.EXECUTING || 0,
    done: counts.DONE || 0,
  };
}

/**
 * Load persisted learned limits on startup.
 */
async function loadPersistedLimits() {
  try {
    const { getSettings } = await import("@/lib/db/settings");
    const settings = await getSettings();
    const raw = settings?.learnedRateLimits;
    if (typeof raw !== "string" || raw.trim().length === 0) return;

    const parsed = toRecord(JSON.parse(raw) as unknown);
    let count = 0;

    for (const [key, dataRaw] of Object.entries(parsed)) {
      const data = toRecord(dataRaw);
      const lastUpdated = toNumber(data.lastUpdated, 0);
      // Skip stale entries (older than 24h)
      if (lastUpdated > 0 && Date.now() - lastUpdated > 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000) continue;

      const connectionId = typeof data.connectionId === "string" ? data.connectionId : "";
      const provider = typeof data.provider === "string" ? data.provider : "";
      const limit = toNumber(data.limit, 0);
      const remaining = toNumber(data.remaining, 0);
      const minTime = toNumber(data.minTime, 0);

      learnedLimits[key] = {
        provider,
        connectionId,
        lastUpdated,
        ...(limit > 0 ? { limit } : {}),
        ...(remaining >= 0 ? { remaining } : {}),
        ...(minTime >= 0 ? { minTime } : {}),
      };

      // Apply to limiter if it exists and has rate limit enabled
      if (connectionId && enabledConnections.has(connectionId)) {
        const limiter = limiters.get(key);
        if (limiter && limit > 0) {
          const inferredMinTime = minTime || Math.max(0, Math.floor(60000 / limit) - 10);
          limiter.updateSettings({ minTime: inferredMinTime });
          count++;
        }
      }
    }

    if (count > 0) {
      console.log(`📥 [RATE-LIMIT] Restored ${count} learned rate limit(s) from persistence`);
    }
  } catch (err) {
    console.error("[RATE-LIMIT] Failed to load persisted limits:", err.message);
  }
}

/**
 * Update rate limiter based on API response body (JSON error responses).
 * Providers embed retry info in JSON payloads in different formats.
 * Should be called alongside updateFromHeaders for 4xx/5xx responses.
 *
 * @param {string} provider - Provider ID
 * @param {string} connectionId - Connection ID
 * @param {string|object} responseBody - Response body (string or parsed JSON)
 * @param {number} status - HTTP status code
 * @param {string} model - Model name (for per-model lockouts)
 */
export function updateFromResponseBody(provider, connectionId, responseBody, status, model = null) {
  if (!enabledConnections.has(connectionId)) return;

  const { retryAfterMs, reason } = parseRetryAfterFromBody(responseBody);

  if (retryAfterMs && retryAfterMs > 0) {
    const limiter = getLimiter(provider, connectionId, model);
    console.log(
      `🚫 [RATE-LIMIT] ${provider}:${connectionId.slice(0, 8)} — body-parsed retry: ${Math.ceil(retryAfterMs / 1000)}s (${reason})`
    );

    limiter.updateSettings({
      reservoir: 0,
      reservoirRefreshAmount: 60,
      reservoirRefreshInterval: retryAfterMs,
    });
  }
}