Bump actions/download-artifact from 7 to 8

Bumps [actions/download-artifact](https://github.com/actions/download-artifact) from 7 to 8.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/download-artifact/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/actions/download-artifact/compare/v7...v8)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: actions/download-artifact
  dependency-version: '8'
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>

.github/workflows/build-WebAPI.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+name: build v2rayN.WebAPI
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      release_tag:
+        required: false
+        type: string
+        default: ''
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      release_tag:
+        description: 'Release tag (for example 7.x.y). Empty builds a development API package.'
+        required: false
+        default: ''
+        type: string
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [master]
+    paths:
+      - 'v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/**'
+      - 'v2rayN/ServiceLib/**'
+      - 'v2rayN/ServiceLib.Tests/**'
+      - 'v2rayN/Directory.Build.*'
+      - 'v2rayN/Directory.Packages.props'
+      - 'v2rayN/v2rayN.slnx'
+      - 'global.json'
+      - '.github/workflows/build-WebAPI.yml'
+      - '.github/workflows/release-WebAPI.yml'
+      - '.github/workflows/build-all.yml'
+      - '.github/workflows/upload-sign.yml'
+  push:
+    branches: [master]
+    paths:
+      - 'v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/**'
+      - 'v2rayN/ServiceLib/**'
+      - 'v2rayN/ServiceLib.Tests/**'
+      - 'v2rayN/Directory.Build.*'
+      - 'v2rayN/Directory.Packages.props'
+      - 'v2rayN/v2rayN.slnx'
+      - 'global.json'
+      - '.github/workflows/build-WebAPI.yml'
+      - '.github/workflows/release-WebAPI.yml'
+      - '.github/workflows/build-all.yml'
+      - '.github/workflows/upload-sign.yml'
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  identity:
+    name: Resolve API build identity
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    outputs:
+      version: ${{ steps.resolve.outputs.version }}
+      tag: ${{ steps.resolve.outputs.tag }}
+      release: ${{ steps.resolve.outputs.release }}
+      build_date: ${{ steps.resolve.outputs.build_date }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Resolve release identity
+        id: resolve
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          RELEASE_TAG: ${{ inputs.release_tag }}
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          build_date="$(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)"
+          if [[ -z "$RELEASE_TAG" ]]; then
+            {
+              echo "version=0.0.0-dev"
+              echo "tag="
+              echo "release=false"
+              echo "build_date=$build_date"
+            } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          else
+            [[ "$RELEASE_TAG" =~ ^[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+$ ]] || {
+              echo "Invalid release tag: $RELEASE_TAG" >&2
+              exit 1
+            }
+            {
+              echo "version=$RELEASE_TAG"
+              echo "tag=$RELEASE_TAG"
+              echo "release=true"
+              echo "build_date=$build_date"
+            } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          fi
+
+  verify:
+    name: Backend, ServiceLib, package smoke
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    env:
+      TUNIT_MAX_PARALLEL_TESTS: 1
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v6
+        with:
+          dotnet-version: '10.x'
+      - name: Verify API build, backend and ServiceLib tests, native startup and package boundaries
+        run: bash v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/verify.sh "$RUNNER_TEMP/v2rayN.WebAPI-verify"
+      - name: Check patch whitespace
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' || github.event_name == 'push' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          BASE_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha || github.event.before || '' }}
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          base_sha="$BASE_SHA"
+          if [[ -z "$base_sha" ]]; then
+            base_sha="$(git rev-parse HEAD^)"
+          fi
+          if [[ "$base_sha" =~ ^0+$ ]]; then
+            empty_tree="$(git hash-object -t tree -w /dev/null)"
+            git diff --check "$empty_tree" HEAD
+          else
+            git diff --check "$base_sha...HEAD"
+          fi
+
+  windows:
+    name: Windows WebAPI build and runtime smoke
+    needs: identity
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+    env:
+      TUNIT_MAX_PARALLEL_TESTS: 1
+      WEB_VERSION: ${{ needs.identity.outputs.version }}
+      WEB_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
+      WEB_BUILD_DATE: ${{ needs.identity.outputs.build_date }}
+      WEB_REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v6
+        with:
+          dotnet-version: '10.x'
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.x'
+      - name: Restore WebAPI
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: dotnet restore v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/v2rayN.WebAPI.csproj
+      - name: Restore WebAPI.Tests
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: dotnet restore v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Tests/v2rayN.WebAPI.Tests.csproj
+      - name: Restore ServiceLib.Tests
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: dotnet restore v2rayN/ServiceLib.Tests/ServiceLib.Tests.csproj
+      - name: Build WebAPI
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: dotnet build v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/v2rayN.WebAPI.csproj --configuration Release --no-restore
+      - name: Run WebAPI.Tests
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: dotnet test --project v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Tests/v2rayN.WebAPI.Tests.csproj --configuration Release --no-restore
+      - name: Run ServiceLib.Tests
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: dotnet test --project v2rayN/ServiceLib.Tests/ServiceLib.Tests.csproj --configuration Release --no-restore
+      - name: Publish win-x64 self-contained single-file WebAPI
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $publishDirectory = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-x64'
+          dotnet publish v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/v2rayN.WebAPI.csproj `
+            --configuration Release `
+            --runtime win-x64 `
+            --self-contained true `
+            -p:PublishSingleFile=true `
+            -p:IncludeNativeLibrariesForSelfExtract=true `
+            -p:WebVersion=$env:WEB_VERSION `
+            -p:WebCommit=$env:WEB_COMMIT `
+            -p:WebBuildDate=$env:WEB_BUILD_DATE `
+            -p:WebRepository=$env:WEB_REPOSITORY `
+            --output $publishDirectory
+          $identity = [ordered]@{
+            product = 'v2rayN.WebAPI'
+            version = $env:WEB_VERSION
+            commit = $env:WEB_COMMIT
+            buildDate = $env:WEB_BUILD_DATE
+            rid = 'win-x64'
+          }
+          $json = $identity | ConvertTo-Json -Compress
+          [IO.File]::WriteAllText((Join-Path $publishDirectory 'v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json'), $json, [Text.UTF8Encoding]::new($false))
+      - name: Verify single-file publish output
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $publishDirectory = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-x64'
+          $executable = Join-Path $publishDirectory 'v2rayN.WebAPI.exe'
+          if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $executable -PathType Leaf)) {
+            throw "dotnet publish did not produce $executable"
+          }
+          if ((Get-Item -LiteralPath $executable).Length -eq 0) {
+            throw "Published executable is empty: $executable"
+          }
+          $looseDlls = @(Get-ChildItem -LiteralPath $publishDirectory -Filter '*.dll' -File -Recurse)
+          if ($looseDlls.Count -gt 0) {
+            throw "Single-file publish left loose DLLs: $($looseDlls.FullName -join ', ')"
+          }
+      - name: Smoke-test first startup, health endpoint and graceful shutdown
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $publishDirectory = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-x64'
+          & ./v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Tests/Integration/Test-Windows.ps1 -Mode startup -PublishDirectory $publishDirectory
+      - name: Publish previous Windows fixture for update regression
+        if: inputs.release_tag != ''
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $publishDirectory = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-x64-previous'
+          dotnet publish v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/v2rayN.WebAPI.csproj `
+            --configuration Release `
+            --runtime win-x64 `
+            --self-contained true `
+            -p:PublishSingleFile=true `
+            -p:IncludeNativeLibrariesForSelfExtract=true `
+            -p:WebVersion=0.0.1-regression `
+            -p:WebCommit=$env:WEB_COMMIT `
+            -p:WebBuildDate=$env:WEB_BUILD_DATE `
+            -p:WebRepository=$env:WEB_REPOSITORY `
+            --output $publishDirectory
+          $identity = [ordered]@{
+            product = 'v2rayN.WebAPI'
+            version = '0.0.1-regression'
+            commit = $env:WEB_COMMIT
+            buildDate = $env:WEB_BUILD_DATE
+            rid = 'win-x64'
+          }
+          $json = $identity | ConvertTo-Json -Compress
+          [IO.File]::WriteAllText((Join-Path $publishDirectory 'v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json'), $json, [Text.UTF8Encoding]::new($false))
+      - name: Add the matching Windows Core bundle
+        if: inputs.release_tag != ''
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $bundle = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN-windows-64.zip'
+          $expanded = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN-windows-64-core'
+          $publishDirectory = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-x64'
+          $previousDirectory = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-x64-previous'
+          Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/2dust/v2rayN-core-bin/refs/heads/master/v2rayN-windows-64.zip' -OutFile $bundle
+          Expand-Archive -LiteralPath $bundle -DestinationPath $expanded -Force
+          $sourceBin = Join-Path $expanded 'v2rayN-windows-64\bin'
+          if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $sourceBin -PathType Container)) {
+            throw "Windows Core bundle is missing $sourceBin"
+          }
+          foreach ($directory in @($publishDirectory, $previousDirectory)) {
+            $destinationBin = Join-Path $directory 'bin'
+            New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $destinationBin -Force | Out-Null
+            Copy-Item -Path (Join-Path $sourceBin '*') -Destination $destinationBin -Recurse -Force
+          }
+          foreach ($directory in @($publishDirectory, $previousDirectory)) {
+            $checkBin = Join-Path $directory 'bin'
+            foreach ($relative in @('xray\xray.exe','sing_box\sing-box.exe','mihomo\mihomo.exe','geoip.dat','geosite.dat','geoip.metadb','Country.mmdb')) {
+              $required = Join-Path $checkBin $relative
+              if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $required -PathType Leaf)) { throw "Missing Windows Core asset: $required" }
+            }
+          }
+          $candidateBin = Join-Path $publishDirectory 'bin'
+          & (Join-Path $candidateBin 'xray\xray.exe') -version
+          if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "xray.exe smoke failed: $LASTEXITCODE" }
+          & (Join-Path $candidateBin 'sing_box\sing-box.exe') version
+          if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "sing-box.exe smoke failed: $LASTEXITCODE" }
+          & (Join-Path $candidateBin 'mihomo\mihomo.exe') -v
+          if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "mihomo.exe smoke failed: $LASTEXITCODE" }
+      - name: Smoke-test Windows backup restore handoff and Core intent recovery
+        if: inputs.release_tag != ''
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          & ./v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Tests/Integration/Test-Windows.ps1 `
+            -Mode restore `
+            -PublishDirectory (Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-x64')
+      - name: Smoke-test Windows self-update replacement and rollback
+        if: inputs.release_tag != ''
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          & ./v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Tests/Integration/Test-Windows.ps1 `
+            -Mode update `
+            -PreviousPublishDirectory (Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-x64-previous') `
+            -CandidatePublishDirectory (Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-x64')
+      - name: Package and smoke-test Windows full-install and app-only ZIPs
+        if: inputs.release_tag != ''
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $publishDirectory = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-x64'
+          $dist = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-x64-dist'
+          python v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/web-release-assets.py package --rid win-x64 --publish $publishDirectory --dist $dist
+          $fullZip = Join-Path $dist 'v2rayN-windows-64-WebAPI.zip'
+          $appOnlyZip = Join-Path $dist 'v2rayN-windows-64-WebAPI-update.zip'
+          if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $fullZip -PathType Leaf) -or -not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $appOnlyZip -PathType Leaf)) {
+            throw 'Windows release ZIPs were not created.'
+          }
+          $extracted = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN-windows-64-WebAPI-smoke'
+          Expand-Archive -LiteralPath $fullZip -DestinationPath $extracted -Force
+          & ./v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Tests/Integration/Test-Windows.ps1 -Mode startup -PublishDirectory $extracted
+          "Windows full-install ZIP: $fullZip"
+          "Windows app-only update ZIP: $appOnlyZip"
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        if: inputs.release_tag != ''
+        with:
+          name: v2rayN.WebAPI-win-x64
+          path: ${{ runner.temp }}/v2rayN.WebAPI-win-x64-dist/*.zip
+          if-no-files-found: error
+
+  # The self-update replacement smoke stays on win-x64: the updater logic is RID-generic
+  # and the per-RID PE/ELF checks are covered by unit tests. This job proves the win-arm64
+  # build, first startup, health endpoint and graceful shutdown on native ARM64 Windows.
+  windows-arm64:
+    name: Windows ARM64 WebAPI build and runtime smoke
+    needs: identity
+    runs-on: windows-11-arm
+    env:
+      TUNIT_MAX_PARALLEL_TESTS: 1
+      WEB_VERSION: ${{ needs.identity.outputs.version }}
+      WEB_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
+      WEB_BUILD_DATE: ${{ needs.identity.outputs.build_date }}
+      WEB_REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v6
+        with:
+          dotnet-version: '10.x'
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.x'
+      - name: Restore WebAPI
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: dotnet restore v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/v2rayN.WebAPI.csproj
+      - name: Restore WebAPI.Tests
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: dotnet restore v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Tests/v2rayN.WebAPI.Tests.csproj
+      - name: Restore ServiceLib.Tests
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: dotnet restore v2rayN/ServiceLib.Tests/ServiceLib.Tests.csproj
+      - name: Build WebAPI
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: dotnet build v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/v2rayN.WebAPI.csproj --configuration Release --no-restore
+      - name: Run WebAPI.Tests
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: dotnet test --project v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Tests/v2rayN.WebAPI.Tests.csproj --configuration Release --no-restore
+      - name: Run ServiceLib.Tests
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: dotnet test --project v2rayN/ServiceLib.Tests/ServiceLib.Tests.csproj --configuration Release --no-restore
+      - name: Publish win-arm64 self-contained single-file WebAPI
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $publishDirectory = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-arm64'
+          dotnet publish v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/v2rayN.WebAPI.csproj `
+            --configuration Release `
+            --runtime win-arm64 `
+            --self-contained true `
+            -p:PublishSingleFile=true `
+            -p:IncludeNativeLibrariesForSelfExtract=true `
+            -p:WebVersion=$env:WEB_VERSION `
+            -p:WebCommit=$env:WEB_COMMIT `
+            -p:WebBuildDate=$env:WEB_BUILD_DATE `
+            -p:WebRepository=$env:WEB_REPOSITORY `
+            --output $publishDirectory
+          $identity = [ordered]@{
+            product = 'v2rayN.WebAPI'
+            version = $env:WEB_VERSION
+            commit = $env:WEB_COMMIT
+            buildDate = $env:WEB_BUILD_DATE
+            rid = 'win-arm64'
+          }
+          $json = $identity | ConvertTo-Json -Compress
+          [IO.File]::WriteAllText((Join-Path $publishDirectory 'v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json'), $json, [Text.UTF8Encoding]::new($false))
+      - name: Smoke-test first startup, health endpoint and graceful shutdown
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $publishDirectory = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-arm64'
+          & ./v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Tests/Integration/Test-Windows.ps1 -Mode startup -PublishDirectory $publishDirectory
+      - name: Add the matching Windows ARM64 Core bundle
+        if: inputs.release_tag != ''
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $bundle = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN-windows-arm64.zip'
+          $expanded = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN-windows-arm64-core'
+          $publishDirectory = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-arm64'
+          Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/2dust/v2rayN-core-bin/refs/heads/master/v2rayN-windows-arm64.zip' -OutFile $bundle
+          Expand-Archive -LiteralPath $bundle -DestinationPath $expanded -Force
+          $sourceBin = Join-Path $expanded 'v2rayN-windows-arm64\bin'
+          if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $sourceBin -PathType Container)) {
+            throw "Windows ARM64 Core bundle is missing $sourceBin"
+          }
+          $destinationBin = Join-Path $publishDirectory 'bin'
+          New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $destinationBin -Force | Out-Null
+          Copy-Item -Path (Join-Path $sourceBin '*') -Destination $destinationBin -Recurse -Force
+          foreach ($relative in @('xray\xray.exe','sing_box\sing-box.exe','mihomo\mihomo.exe','geoip.dat','geosite.dat','geoip.metadb','Country.mmdb')) {
+            $required = Join-Path $destinationBin $relative
+            if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $required -PathType Leaf)) { throw "Missing Windows ARM64 Core asset: $required" }
+          }
+          & (Join-Path $destinationBin 'xray\xray.exe') -version
+          if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "xray.exe smoke failed: $LASTEXITCODE" }
+          & (Join-Path $destinationBin 'sing_box\sing-box.exe') version
+          if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "sing-box.exe smoke failed: $LASTEXITCODE" }
+          & (Join-Path $destinationBin 'mihomo\mihomo.exe') -v
+          if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "mihomo.exe smoke failed: $LASTEXITCODE" }
+      - name: Package Windows ARM64 full-install and app-only ZIPs
+        if: inputs.release_tag != ''
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          $publishDirectory = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-arm64'
+          $dist = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN.WebAPI-win-arm64-dist'
+          python v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/web-release-assets.py package --rid win-arm64 --publish $publishDirectory --dist $dist
+          $fullZip = Join-Path $dist 'v2rayN-windows-arm64-WebAPI.zip'
+          $appOnlyZip = Join-Path $dist 'v2rayN-windows-arm64-WebAPI-update.zip'
+          if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $fullZip -PathType Leaf) -or -not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $appOnlyZip -PathType Leaf)) {
+            throw 'Windows ARM64 release ZIPs were not created.'
+          }
+          $extracted = Join-Path $env:RUNNER_TEMP 'v2rayN-windows-arm64-WebAPI-smoke'
+          Expand-Archive -LiteralPath $fullZip -DestinationPath $extracted -Force
+          & ./v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Tests/Integration/Test-Windows.ps1 -Mode startup -PublishDirectory $extracted
+          "Windows ARM64 full-install ZIP: $fullZip"
+          "Windows ARM64 app-only update ZIP: $appOnlyZip"
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        if: inputs.release_tag != ''
+        with:
+          name: v2rayN.WebAPI-win-arm64
+          path: ${{ runner.temp }}/v2rayN.WebAPI-win-arm64-dist/*.zip
+          if-no-files-found: error
+
+  native:
+    name: Native API build (${{ matrix.rid }})
+    needs: identity
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        # Development builds keep x64 coverage; releases also validate ARM64.
+        # Only tested Linux RIDs are enabled; native RID/runner pairs are independent
+        # of Desktop workflows and the container platform matrix.
+        include: >-
+          ${{ fromJSON(needs.identity.outputs.release == 'true'
+            && '[{"rid":"linux-x64","runner":"ubuntu-24.04"},{"rid":"linux-arm64","runner":"ubuntu-24.04-arm"}]'
+            || '[{"rid":"linux-x64","runner":"ubuntu-24.04"}]') }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}
+    env:
+      RID: ${{ matrix.rid }}
+      V2RAYN_WEB_VERSION: ${{ needs.identity.outputs.version }}
+      V2RAYN_WEB_REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
+      V2RAYN_WEB_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
+      V2RAYN_WEB_BUILD_DATE: ${{ needs.identity.outputs.build_date }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v6
+        with:
+          dotnet-version: '10.x'
+      - name: Publish native API
+        run: bash v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/publish-native.sh "$RID"
+      - name: Verify native executable
+        run: test -x "v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/publish/$RID/v2rayN.WebAPI"
+      - name: Add the matching Linux Core bundle
+        if: needs.identity.outputs.release == 'true'
+        run: sh v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/fetch-core-bundle.sh "$RID" "v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/publish/$RID/bin"
+      - name: Package API install and self-update ZIPs
+        if: needs.identity.outputs.release == 'true'
+        run: python3 v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/web-release-assets.py package --rid "$RID" --publish "v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/publish/$RID" --dist dist
+      - name: Smoke-test bundled Cores
+        if: needs.identity.outputs.release == 'true'
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          publish="v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/publish/$RID"
+          "$publish/bin/xray/xray" -version
+          "$publish/bin/sing_box/sing-box" version
+          "$publish/bin/mihomo/mihomo" -v
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        if: needs.identity.outputs.release == 'true'
+        with:
+          name: v2rayN.WebAPI-${{ matrix.rid }}
+          path: dist/*.zip
+          if-no-files-found: error
+
+  # linux-riscv64 runs natively on the RISE RISC-V runners with the community
+  # xujiegb/dotnet-riscv SDK; single-file publish is verified to work there.
+  native-riscv64:
+    name: Native API build (linux-riscv64)
+    needs: identity
+    if: needs.identity.outputs.release == 'true'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04-riscv
+    container: debian:13
+    env:
+      RID: linux-riscv64
+      V2RAYN_WEB_VERSION: ${{ needs.identity.outputs.version }}
+      V2RAYN_WEB_REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
+      V2RAYN_WEB_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
+      V2RAYN_WEB_BUILD_DATE: ${{ needs.identity.outputs.build_date }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Prepare tools (Debian)
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+          apt-get update
+          apt-get install -y sudo git rsync findutils tar gzip unzip which curl jq wget file ca-certificates python3 libc6-dev libgcc-s1 libstdc++6 zlib1g libatomic1 libicu76 || \
+            apt-get install -y sudo git rsync findutils tar gzip unzip which curl jq wget file ca-certificates python3 libc6-dev libgcc-s1 libstdc++6 zlib1g libatomic1 libicu72
+      - name: Checkout repo
+        shell: bash
+        env: { GITHUB_TOKEN: "${{ github.token }}" }
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          rm -rf ./*
+          git init .
+          git config --global --add safe.directory "$PWD"
+          git remote add origin "https://x-access-token:${GITHUB_TOKEN}@github.com/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY}.git"
+          git fetch --depth=1 origin "${GITHUB_SHA}"
+          git checkout FETCH_HEAD
+      - name: Install community .NET SDK (linux-riscv64)
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          SDK=dotnet-sdk-10.0.111-linux-riscv64.tar.gz
+          curl -fL "https://github.com/xujiegb/dotnet-riscv/releases/download/10.0.111/$SDK" -o /tmp/$SDK
+          mkdir -p "$HOME/.dotnet"
+          tar -C "$HOME/.dotnet" -xzf /tmp/$SDK
+          echo "DOTNET_ROOT=$HOME/.dotnet" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "$HOME/.dotnet" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
+          export DOTNET_ROOT="$HOME/.dotnet"
+          export PATH="$DOTNET_ROOT:$PATH"
+          dotnet --info
+      - name: Publish native API
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          export DOTNET_ROOT="$HOME/.dotnet"
+          export PATH="$DOTNET_ROOT:$PATH"
+          bash v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/publish-native.sh "$RID"
+          test -x "v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/publish/$RID/v2rayN.WebAPI"
+      - name: Add the matching Linux Core bundle
+        shell: bash
+        run: sh v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/fetch-core-bundle.sh "$RID" "v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/publish/$RID/bin"
+      - name: Package API install and self-update ZIPs
+        shell: bash
+        run: python3 v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/web-release-assets.py package --rid "$RID" --publish "v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/publish/$RID" --dist dist
+      - name: Smoke-test bundled Cores
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          publish="v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/publish/$RID"
+          "$publish/bin/xray/xray" -version
+          "$publish/bin/sing_box/sing-box" version
+          "$publish/bin/mihomo/mihomo" -v
+      - name: Smoke-test the published API (native riscv64)
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          publish="v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/publish/$RID"
+          "$publish/v2rayN.WebAPI" --help | head -n 5
+          export V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY=ci-smoke-key-0123456789abcdef
+          export ASPNETCORE_URLS=http://127.0.0.1:5080
+          cd "$publish"
+          ./v2rayN.WebAPI --foreground --no-open > /tmp/smoke.log 2>&1 &
+          app_pid=$!
+          echo "$app_pid" > /tmp/smoke.pid
+          echo "riscv64 API smoke application PID: $app_pid"
+          ok=0
+          for i in $(seq 1 90); do
+            if curl --noproxy '*' -fsS http://127.0.0.1:5080/api/health >/dev/null 2>&1; then ok=1; break; fi
+            if ! kill -0 "$app_pid" 2>/dev/null; then break; fi
+            sleep 1
+          done
+          if [ "$ok" != 1 ]; then
+            echo 'riscv64 API smoke did not become healthy'
+            tail -n 60 /tmp/smoke.log || true
+            kill -TERM "$app_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+            sleep 1
+            kill -KILL "$app_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          kill -TERM "$app_pid"
+          stopped=0
+          for i in $(seq 1 30); do
+            if ! kill -0 "$app_pid" 2>/dev/null; then stopped=1; break; fi
+            sleep 1
+          done
+          if [ "$stopped" != 1 ]; then
+            echo 'riscv64 API smoke did not exit within 30s after SIGTERM'
+            tail -n 60 /tmp/smoke.log || true
+            kill -KILL "$app_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          set +e
+          wait "$app_pid"
+          exit_code=$?
+          set -e
+          if [ "$exit_code" -ne 0 ]; then
+            echo "riscv64 API smoke exited with status $exit_code after SIGTERM"
+            tail -n 60 /tmp/smoke.log || true
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          echo 'linux-riscv64 native API smoke OK'
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: v2rayN.WebAPI-linux-riscv64
+          path: dist/*.zip
+          if-no-files-found: error
+
+  # linux-loongarch64 publishes inside the upstream QEMU loong64 VM with the official
+  # Loongson .NET SDK; the VM runs the native smoke before the host packages the ZIPs.
+  native-loong64:
+    name: Native API build (linux-loongarch64)
+    needs: identity
+    if: needs.identity.outputs.release == 'true'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04-arm
+    env:
+      RID: linux-loongarch64
+      V2RAYN_WEB_VERSION: ${{ needs.identity.outputs.version }}
+      V2RAYN_WEB_REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
+      V2RAYN_WEB_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
+      V2RAYN_WEB_BUILD_DATE: ${{ needs.identity.outputs.build_date }}
+      QCOW2_URL: https://github.com/xujiegb/debian-loong64-qcow2/releases/download/13.5/debian13-loong64.qcow2
+      EFI_CODE_URL: https://github.com/xujiegb/debian-loong64-qcow2/releases/download/13.5/edk2-loongarch64-code.fd
+      EFI_VARS_URL: https://github.com/xujiegb/debian-loong64-qcow2/releases/download/13.5/edk2-loongarch64-vars.fd
+      QCOW2_IMAGE: debian13-loong64.qcow2
+      EFI_CODE: edk2-loongarch64-code.fd
+      EFI_VARS: edk2-loongarch64-vars.fd
+      QEMU_VERSION: 10.2.4
+    steps:
+      - name: Prepare host tools
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y git rsync qemu-utils qemu-system-common expect wget curl ca-certificates libfdt1 libglib2.0-0 libpixman-1-0 libslirp0 virtiofsd
+          sudo ln -sf /usr/libexec/virtiofsd /usr/local/bin/virtiofsd
+          virtiofsd --version || virtiofsd --help | head
+      - name: Host clone repo
+        shell: bash
+        env: { GITHUB_TOKEN: "${{ github.token }}" }
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          rm -rf repo
+          git init repo
+          git -C repo config --global --add safe.directory "$PWD/repo" || true
+          git -C repo remote add origin "https://x-access-token:${GITHUB_TOKEN}@github.com/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY}.git"
+          git -C repo fetch --depth=1 origin "${GITHUB_SHA}"
+          git -C repo checkout FETCH_HEAD
+      - name: Download QEMU prebuild
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          wget -O qemu-linux-arm64-v8.2.tar.gz "https://github.com/xujiegb/qemu-linux-prebuild/releases/download/${QEMU_VERSION}/qemu-linux-arm64-v8.2.tar.gz"
+          tar -xzf qemu-linux-arm64-v8.2.tar.gz
+          mkdir -p "$HOME/qemu-install"
+          rsync -a qemu-linux-arm64-v8.2/ "$HOME/qemu-install/"
+          "$HOME/qemu-install/bin/qemu-system-loongarch64" --version
+      - name: Download loong64 qcow2 and EFI firmware
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          wget -O "$QCOW2_IMAGE" "$QCOW2_URL"
+          wget -O "$EFI_CODE" "$EFI_CODE_URL"
+          wget -O "$EFI_VARS" "$EFI_VARS_URL"
+          qemu-img info "$QCOW2_IMAGE"
+      - name: Stage the VM build script and the matching Core bundle
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          cat > webapi-loong.env <<EOF
+          WEB_VERSION=${V2RAYN_WEB_VERSION}
+          WEB_REPOSITORY=${V2RAYN_WEB_REPOSITORY}
+          WEB_COMMIT=${V2RAYN_WEB_COMMIT}
+          WEB_BUILD_DATE=${V2RAYN_WEB_BUILD_DATE}
+          EOF
+          cat > webapi-loong-run.sh <<'SCRIPT'
+          #!/usr/bin/env bash
+          set +e
+          set -o pipefail
+          source /workspace/webapi-loong.env
+          export DOTNET_ROOT=/root/.dotnet
+          export PATH="$DOTNET_ROOT:$PATH"
+          mkdir -p /root/.dotnet
+          SDK=dotnet-sdk-10.0.111-linux-loongarch64.tar.gz
+          curl -fL "https://github.com/loongson/dotnet/releases/download/v10.0.111-loongarch64/$SDK" -o /tmp/$SDK || exit 9
+          tar -C /root/.dotnet -xzf /tmp/$SDK || exit 9
+          dotnet --info >/dev/null 2>&1 || exit 9
+          cd /root/v2rayN-src || exit 9
+          mkdir -p /workspace/publish/linux-loongarch64
+          V2RAYN_WEB_VERSION="$WEB_VERSION" V2RAYN_WEB_REPOSITORY="$WEB_REPOSITORY" V2RAYN_WEB_COMMIT="$WEB_COMMIT" V2RAYN_WEB_BUILD_DATE="$WEB_BUILD_DATE" \
+            bash v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/publish-native.sh linux-loongarch64 /workspace/publish/linux-loongarch64 2>&1 | tee /tmp/publish.log
+          rc=$?
+          if [ $rc -eq 0 ]; then
+            mkdir -p /workspace/publish/linux-loongarch64/bin
+            cp -a /workspace/core-bundle/. /workspace/publish/linux-loongarch64/bin/
+            # Smoke a VM-local copy: the shared publish tree must stay exactly the packaging
+            # input, without runtime lock/data files owned by the VM user.
+            rm -rf /root/websmoke
+            cp -a /workspace/publish/linux-loongarch64 /root/websmoke
+            cd /root/websmoke || exit 9
+            ./bin/xray/xray -version >/dev/null || rc=9
+            ./bin/sing_box/sing-box version >/dev/null || rc=9
+            ./bin/mihomo/mihomo -v >/dev/null || rc=9
+            ./v2rayN.WebAPI --help >/dev/null || rc=9
+            V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY=ci-smoke-key-0123456789abcdef ASPNETCORE_URLS=http://127.0.0.1:5080 ./v2rayN.WebAPI --foreground --no-open > /tmp/smoke.log 2>&1 &
+            APP=$!
+            echo "$APP" > /tmp/smoke.pid
+            ok=0
+            for i in $(seq 1 90); do
+              if curl --noproxy '*' -fsS http://127.0.0.1:5080/api/health >/dev/null 2>&1; then ok=1; break; fi
+              if ! kill -0 "$APP" 2>/dev/null; then break; fi
+              sleep 1
+            done
+            if [ "$ok" != 1 ]; then
+              echo 'loongarch64 API smoke did not become healthy'
+              tail -n 60 /tmp/smoke.log
+              kill -KILL "$APP" 2>/dev/null || true
+              rc=9
+            fi
+            if [ "$rc" = 0 ]; then
+              kill -TERM "$APP"
+              exited=0
+              for i in $(seq 1 60); do
+                if ! kill -0 "$APP" 2>/dev/null; then exited=1; break; fi
+                sleep 1
+              done
+              if [ "$exited" != 1 ]; then
+                echo 'loongarch64 API smoke did not exit within 60s after SIGTERM'
+                tail -n 60 /tmp/smoke.log
+                kill -KILL "$APP" 2>/dev/null || true
+                rc=9
+              else
+                wait "$APP"
+                app_rc=$?
+                if [ "$app_rc" != 0 ]; then
+                  echo "loongarch64 API smoke exited with status $app_rc after SIGTERM"
+                  tail -n 60 /tmp/smoke.log
+                  rc=9
+                fi
+              fi
+            fi
+          fi
+          if [ "$rc" != 0 ]; then echo '=== publish.log ==='; tail -n 120 /tmp/publish.log 2>/dev/null; fi
+          echo "__WEBAPI_DONE__$rc"
+          SCRIPT
+          bash repo/v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/fetch-core-bundle.sh "$RID" "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/core-bundle"
+          ls -la "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/core-bundle" | head -n 15
+      - name: Build WebAPI loongarch64 in the VM (publish + native smoke)
+        shell: bash
+        timeout-minutes: 180
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          mkdir -p "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/dist"
+          export VIRTIOFSD_SOCKET="$RUNNER_TEMP/virtiofs-webapi-loongarch64.sock"
+          rm -f "$VIRTIOFSD_SOCKET"
+
+          sudo virtiofsd --socket-path="$VIRTIOFSD_SOCKET" --shared-dir="$GITHUB_WORKSPACE" --cache=auto &
+
+          VIRTIOFSD_PID=$!
+          trap 'sudo kill "$VIRTIOFSD_PID" 2>/dev/null || true; rm -f "$VIRTIOFSD_SOCKET"' EXIT
+
+          for i in {1..100}; do
+            [[ -S "$VIRTIOFSD_SOCKET" ]] && break
+            sleep 0.1
+          done
+          [[ -S "$VIRTIOFSD_SOCKET" ]] || { echo "virtiofsd socket not created"; exit 1; }
+          sudo chown "$USER:$(id -gn)" "$VIRTIOFSD_SOCKET" || true
+          sudo chmod 660 "$VIRTIOFSD_SOCKET" || true
+          expect <<'EOF'
+          log_user 1
+          set timeout 10800
+          set qemu_bin "$env(HOME)/qemu-install/bin/qemu-system-loongarch64"
+          set qemu_rom_dir "$env(HOME)/qemu-install/share/qemu"
+          set virtiofs_socket $env(VIRTIOFSD_SOCKET)
+          set qcow2 $env(QCOW2_IMAGE)
+          set efi_code $env(EFI_CODE)
+          set efi_vars $env(EFI_VARS)
+          proc wait_prompt {} {
+            expect {
+              -re "__CI_PROMPT__# " {}
+              timeout { exit 1 }
+              eof { exit 1 }
+            }
+          }
+          proc run_cmd {cmd} {
+            send -- "$cmd\r"
+            wait_prompt
+          }
+          spawn $qemu_bin \
+            -L $qemu_rom_dir \
+            -machine virt \
+            -accel tcg,thread=multi,tb-size=2048 \
+            -cpu la464 \
+            -m 9216 \
+            -object memory-backend-memfd,id=mem0,size=9216M,share=on \
+            -numa node,memdev=mem0 \
+            -smp 4 \
+            -drive if=pflash,format=raw,unit=0,file=$efi_code,readonly=on \
+            -drive if=pflash,format=raw,unit=1,file=$efi_vars \
+            -device virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd0,bootindex=1 \
+            -drive if=none,media=disk,id=hd0,file=$qcow2,format=qcow2 \
+            -netdev user,id=net0 \
+            -device virtio-net-pci-non-transitional,netdev=net0 \
+            -chardev socket,id=charfs0,path=$virtiofs_socket \
+            -device vhost-user-fs-pci,chardev=charfs0,tag=workspace \
+            -display none \
+            -serial stdio \
+            -monitor none
+          expect -re "login:|debian login:"
+          send -- "root\r"
+          expect -re "Password:|密码:|密码："
+          send -- "password\r"
+          expect {
+            -re "# " {}
+            timeout { exit 1 }
+            eof { exit 1 }
+          }
+          send -- "export TERM=dumb; export PS1='__CI_PROMPT__# '\r"
+          wait_prompt
+          run_cmd "mkdir -p /workspace"
+          run_cmd "mount -t virtiofs workspace /workspace"
+          run_cmd "IFACE=\$(ip -o link show | awk -F': ' '\$2 != \"lo\" {print \$2; exit}') ; ip link set \$IFACE up || true"
+          run_cmd "dhclient \$IFACE || true"
+          run_cmd "printf 'nameserver 10.0.2.3\nnameserver 1.1.1.1\n' >/etc/resolv.conf"
+          run_cmd "apt-get update || apt-get update || apt-get update"
+          run_cmd "DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y sudo git rsync findutils tar gzip unzip which curl jq wget file ca-certificates python3 libc6-dev libgcc-s1 libstdc++6 zlib1g libatomic1 libicu76 || DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y sudo git rsync findutils tar gzip unzip which curl jq wget file ca-certificates python3 libc6-dev libgcc-s1 libstdc++6 zlib1g libatomic1"
+          run_cmd "rm -rf /root/v2rayN-src"
+          run_cmd "rsync -a /workspace/repo/ /root/v2rayN-src/"
+          run_cmd "cd /root/v2rayN-src && git config --global --add safe.directory /root/v2rayN-src"
+          send -- "bash /workspace/webapi-loong-run.sh\r"
+          expect {
+            -re "__WEBAPI_DONE__0" { send -- "poweroff\r" }
+            -re "__WEBAPI_DONE__" { exit 1 }
+            timeout { exit 1 }
+            eof { exit 1 }
+          }
+          EOF
+      - name: Verify the loongarch64 publish tree
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          publish="$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/publish/linux-loongarch64"
+          test -x "$publish/v2rayN.WebAPI"
+          test -f "$publish/v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json"
+          unreadable="$(find "$publish" ! -readable -print -quit)"
+          if [ -n "$unreadable" ]; then
+            echo "The loongarch64 publish tree contains unreadable entries:"
+            find "$publish" ! -readable -print | head -n 20
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          echo "loongarch64 publish tree is complete and readable"
+      - name: Package API install and self-update ZIPs
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          python3 repo/v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/web-release-assets.py package --rid "$RID" --publish "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/publish/linux-loongarch64" --dist "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/dist"
+          ls -la "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/dist"
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: v2rayN.WebAPI-linux-loongarch64
+          path: dist/*.zip
+          if-no-files-found: error
+
+  container:
+    name: API Containerfile (${{ matrix.rid }})
+    needs: identity
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        # Development builds keep amd64 coverage; releases also validate ARM64.
+        include: >-
+          ${{ fromJSON(needs.identity.outputs.release == 'true'
+            && '[{"rid":"linux-x64","platform":"linux/amd64"},{"rid":"linux-arm64","platform":"linux/arm64"}]'
+            || '[{"rid":"linux-x64","platform":"linux/amd64"}]') }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+      - name: Build API container (no push)
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
+        env:
+          DOCKER_BUILD_RECORD_UPLOAD: false
+        with:
+          context: .
+          file: ./v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Containerfile
+          platforms: ${{ matrix.platform }}
+          tags: v2rayn-webapi:ci
+          build-args: |
+            RID=${{ matrix.rid }}
+            WEB_VERSION=${{ needs.identity.outputs.version }}
+            WEB_REPOSITORY=${{ github.repository }}
+            WEB_COMMIT=${{ github.sha }}
+            WEB_BUILD_DATE=${{ needs.identity.outputs.build_date }}
+          push: false
+
+  release-assets:
+    name: Assemble API release assets
+    if: needs.identity.outputs.release == 'true'
+    needs: [identity, verify, windows, windows-arm64, native, native-riscv64, native-loong64, container]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        with:
+          pattern: v2rayN.WebAPI-*
+          path: release-assets
+          merge-multiple: true
+      - name: Build and verify WebAPI-update.json
+        env:
+          RELEASE_TAG: ${{ needs.identity.outputs.tag }}
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          python3 v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/web-update-manifest.py write \
+            --version "$RELEASE_TAG" \
+            --repository "${{ github.repository }}" \
+            --commit "${{ github.sha }}" \
+            --build-date "${{ needs.identity.outputs.build_date }}" \
+            --dist release-assets \
+            --output release-assets/WebAPI-update.json
+          python3 v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/web-update-manifest.py verify \
+            --manifest release-assets/WebAPI-update.json \
+            --dist release-assets \
+            --repository "${{ github.repository }}"
+      - name: Smoke-test full API ZIP
+        run: bash v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Tests/Integration/test-full-zip-runtime.sh release-assets/v2rayN-linux-64-WebAPI.zip
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: WebAPI-release-packages
+          path: release-assets/*.zip
+          if-no-files-found: error
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: WebAPI-release-manifest
+          path: release-assets/WebAPI-update.json
+          if-no-files-found: error

.github/workflows/build-all.yml

@@ -20,6 +20,13 @@ jobs:
     secrets:
       GPG_PRIVATE_KEY: ${{ secrets.GPG_PRIVATE_KEY }}
 
+  release-WebAPI:
+    if: inputs.release_tag != ''
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/release-WebAPI.yml
+    with:
+      release_tag: ${{ inputs.release_tag }}
+    secrets: inherit
+
   update:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:

.github/workflows/release-WebAPI.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+name: release v2rayN.WebAPI
+
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      release_tag:
+        required: true
+        type: string
+    secrets:
+      GPG_PRIVATE_KEY:
+        required: false
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      release_tag:
+        description: 'Release tag (for example 7.x.y).'
+        required: true
+        type: string
+
+permissions:
+  contents: write
+  actions: read
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/build-WebAPI.yml
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+    with:
+      release_tag: ${{ inputs.release_tag }}
+
+  release-web-packages:
+    name: sign and upload Web API packages
+    # Upload through the shared signing flow, exactly like the desktop packages.
+    if: inputs.release_tag != ''
+    needs: build
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/upload-sign.yml
+    with:
+      release_tag: ${{ inputs.release_tag }}
+      artifact_name: WebAPI-release-packages
+      file_pattern: 'v2rayN-*-WebAPI*.zip'
+    secrets: { GPG_PRIVATE_KEY: "${{ secrets.GPG_PRIVATE_KEY }}" }
+
+  release-web-manifest:
+    name: sign and upload Web update manifest
+    if: inputs.release_tag != ''
+    # Advertise the update only after its packages and manifest have been uploaded.
+    needs: [build, release-web-packages]
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/upload-sign.yml
+    with:
+      release_tag: ${{ inputs.release_tag }}
+      artifact_name: WebAPI-release-manifest
+      file_pattern: 'WebAPI-update.json'
+    secrets: { GPG_PRIVATE_KEY: "${{ secrets.GPG_PRIVATE_KEY }}" }

.github/workflows/winget-publish.yml

@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ jobs:
           $wingetPackage = "2dust.v2rayN"
           $gitToken = "${{ secrets.PT_WINGET }}"
 
-          $github = Invoke-RestMethod -uri "https://api.github.com/repos/2dust/v2rayN/releases" 
+          $headers = @{ Authorization = "Bearer $gitToken"; Accept = "application/vnd.github+json" }
+
+          $github = Invoke-RestMethod -Uri "https://api.github.com/repos/2dust/v2rayN/releases" -Headers $headers
 
           $targetRelease = $github | Where-Object -Property prerelease -match 'False' | Select -First 1
           

package-debian.sh

@@ -676,6 +676,15 @@ EOF
   find "$stage/opt/v2rayN" -type f -exec chmod 0644 {} +
   [[ -f "$stage/opt/v2rayN/v2rayN" ]] && chmod 0755 "$stage/opt/v2rayN/v2rayN" || true
 
+  # Core binaries must be executable before installation: ordinary users cannot
+  # chmod the root-owned files installed by dpkg.
+  local core
+  for core in xray/xray sing_box/sing-box mihomo/mihomo; do
+    if [[ -f "$stage/opt/v2rayN/bin/$core" ]]; then
+      chmod 0755 "$stage/opt/v2rayN/bin/$core"
+    fi
+  done
+
   deb_out="$OUTPUT_DIR/v2rayn_${VERSION}_${deb_arch}.deb"
   dpkg-deb --root-owner-group --build "$stage" "$deb_out"
 

v2rayN/AmazTool/UpgradeApp.cs

@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ internal class UpgradeApp
             var thisAppOldFile = $"{Utils.GetExePath()}.tmp";
             File.Delete(thisAppOldFile);
             var splitKey = "/";
+            var allowedBaseDir = Utils.StartupPath();
+            var pathComparison = Utils.GetPathComparison();
 
             using var archive = ZipFile.OpenRead(fileName);
             foreach (var entry in archive.Entries)
@@ -65,16 +67,21 @@ internal class UpgradeApp
                     }
 
                     var fullName = string.Join(splitKey, lst[1..lst.Length]);
+                    var entryOutputPath = Utils.GetPath(fullName);
+                    if (!Utils.IsPathUnderDirectory(allowedBaseDir, entryOutputPath))
+                    {
+                        Console.WriteLine($"{Resx.Resource.FailedUpgrade} blocked potential path traversal: {entry.FullName}");
+                        return;
+                    }
 
-                    if (string.Equals(Utils.GetExePath(), Utils.GetPath(fullName), StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                    if (string.Equals(Utils.GetExePath(), entryOutputPath, pathComparison))
                     {
                         File.Move(Utils.GetExePath(), thisAppOldFile);
                     }
 
-                    var entryOutputPath = Utils.GetPath(fullName);
                     Directory.CreateDirectory(Path.GetDirectoryName(entryOutputPath)!);
                     //In the bin folder, if the file already exists, it will be skipped
-                    if (fullName.StartsWith("bin") && File.Exists(entryOutputPath))
+                    if (fullName.StartsWith("bin", pathComparison) && File.Exists(entryOutputPath))
                     {
                         continue;
                     }

v2rayN/AmazTool/Utils.cs

@@ -24,6 +24,28 @@ internal class Utils
         return Path.Combine(startupPath, fileName);
     }
 
+    public static bool IsPathUnderDirectory(string baseDir, string targetPath)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(baseDir) || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(targetPath))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var baseFull = Path.GetFullPath(baseDir);
+        var targetFull = Path.GetFullPath(targetPath);
+
+        baseFull = baseFull.TrimEnd(Path.DirectorySeparatorChar, Path.AltDirectorySeparatorChar) + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar;
+
+        return targetFull.StartsWith(baseFull, GetPathComparison());
+    }
+
+    public static StringComparison GetPathComparison()
+    {
+        return OperatingSystem.IsWindows()
+            ? StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase
+            : StringComparison.Ordinal;
+    }
+
     public static string V2rayN => "v2rayN";
 
     public static void StartV2RayN()

v2rayN/Directory.Build.props

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <Project>
 
     <PropertyGroup>
-        <Version>7.25.5</Version>
+        <Version>7.25.6</Version>
     </PropertyGroup>
 
     <PropertyGroup>

v2rayN/Directory.Packages.props

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="IPNetwork2" Version="4.3.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="ReactiveUI.Avalonia" Version="12.1.2" />
     <PackageVersion Include="CliWrap" Version="3.10.5" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Downloader" Version="5.9.8" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Downloader" Version="5.10.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="H.NotifyIcon.Wpf" Version="2.4.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="MaterialDesignThemes" Version="5.3.2" />
     <PackageVersion Include="QRCoder" Version="1.8.0" />
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="sqlite-net-e" Version="1.11.285" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Repobot.SQLite.Unofficial" Version="3.53.4.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="TaskScheduler" Version="2.12.2" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="TUnit" Version="1.72.16" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="TUnit" Version="1.75.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="TUnit.Assertions.Should" Version="1.72.16-beta" />
     <PackageVersion Include="WebDav.Client" Version="2.9.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="YamlDotNet" Version="18.1.0" />

v2rayN/ServiceLib.Tests/Common/UnixFileModeTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+namespace ServiceLib.Tests.Common;
+
+public class UnixFileModeTests
+{
+    [Test]
+    public async Task AlreadyExecutableSystemBinary_ShouldNotRequireOwnership()
+    {
+        if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // /bin/sh is executable but owned by root on the Unix CI runners.
+        // A regular user must not need chmod permission just to launch it.
+        var mode = File.GetUnixFileMode("/bin/sh");
+        await Utils.SetUnixFileMode("/bin/sh").Should().BeTrue();
+        await File.GetUnixFileMode("/bin/sh").Should().BeEqualTo(mode);
+    }
+
+    [Test]
+    public async Task NonExecutableOwnedFile_ShouldGainExecuteBitsWithoutLosingOtherPermissions()
+    {
+        if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var path = Path.GetTempFileName();
+        try
+        {
+            var mode = UnixFileMode.UserRead | UnixFileMode.UserWrite | UnixFileMode.GroupRead;
+            File.SetUnixFileMode(path, mode);
+
+            await Utils.SetUnixFileMode(path).Should().BeTrue();
+            await File.GetUnixFileMode(path).Should().BeEqualTo(mode | UnixFileMode.UserExecute | UnixFileMode.GroupExecute | UnixFileMode.OtherExecute);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            File.Delete(path);
+        }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/ServiceLib.Tests/CoreConfig/V2ray/CoreConfigV2rayServiceTests.cs

@@ -587,13 +587,11 @@ public class CoreConfigV2rayServiceTests
     }
 
     [Test]
-    [Arguments(true)]
-    [Arguments(false)]
-    public async Task GenerateClientConfigContent_Tun_ShouldSkipIPv6RouteWithoutGlobalIPv6(bool enableIPv6Address)
+    public async Task GenerateClientConfigContent_Tun_ShouldSkipIPv6RouteWithoutGlobalIPv6()
     {
         // A host without a global IPv6 address has no IPv6 traffic that could bypass the tunnel,
         // while ::/0 would pull IPv6 attempts into a tunnel they cannot leave.
-        var config = CoreConfigTestFactory.CreateConfigWithTun(ECoreType.Xray, enableIPv6Address);
+        var config = CoreConfigTestFactory.CreateConfigWithTun(ECoreType.Xray, enableIPv6Address: false);
         CoreConfigTestFactory.BindAppManagerConfig(config);
 
         var node = CoreConfigTestFactory.CreateVmessNode(ECoreType.Xray, "n-main", "main");
@@ -611,6 +609,26 @@ public class CoreConfigV2rayServiceTests
         await ipv6Routes.Should().BeEmpty();
     }
 
+    [Test]
+    public async Task GenerateClientConfigContent_Tun_ShouldRouteIPv6WhenEnabledWithoutGlobalIPv6()
+    {
+        // Hosts behind NAT66 hold only ULA addresses, so EnableIPv6Address must still route ::/0.
+        var config = CoreConfigTestFactory.CreateConfigWithTun(ECoreType.Xray, enableIPv6Address: true);
+        CoreConfigTestFactory.BindAppManagerConfig(config);
+
+        var node = CoreConfigTestFactory.CreateVmessNode(ECoreType.Xray, "n-main", "main");
+        var context = CoreConfigTestFactory.CreateContext(config, node, ECoreType.Xray, hasGlobalIPv6Address: false);
+
+        var result = new CoreConfigV2rayService(context).GenerateClientConfigContent();
+
+        await result.Success.Should().BeTrue();
+        var cfg = JsonUtils.Deserialize<V2rayConfig>(result.Data!.ToString())!;
+        var tunInbound = cfg.inbounds.FirstOrDefault(i => i.protocol == "tun");
+
+        await tunInbound.Should().NotBeNull();
+        await tunInbound!.settings.autoSystemRoutingTable.Should().Contain("::/0");
+    }
+
     [Test]
     public async Task GenerateClientConfigContent_TunRouteExcludeAddress_ShouldSkipIPv6RangesWithoutGlobalIPv6()
     {

v2rayN/ServiceLib.Tests/Manager/ProfileExManagerConcurrencyTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+namespace ServiceLib.Tests.Manager;
+
+public class ProfileExManagerConcurrencyTests
+{
+    [Test]
+    public async Task SetTestDelay_FromManyThreads_ShouldNotThrow()
+    {
+        var manager = CreateManager();
+        var exceptions = new List<Exception>();
+        var threads = Environment.ProcessorCount * 2;
+
+        //Hammer the same manager from several streams at once: the queue is mutated while
+        //other threads keep pushing into it
+        var barrier = new Barrier(threads);
+        Parallel.For(0, threads, t =>
+        {
+            barrier.SignalAndWait();
+            for (var i = 0; i < 5000; i++)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    manager.SetTestDelay($"index{i % 500}", i);
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    lock (exceptions)
+                    {
+                        exceptions.Add(ex);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        await exceptions.Count.Should().BeEqualTo(0);
+    }
+
+    [Test]
+    public async Task SetTestDelay_FromManyThreads_ShouldNotLoseQueuedIds()
+    {
+        var manager = CreateManager();
+        var ids = 500;
+
+        Parallel.For(0, Environment.ProcessorCount * 2, t =>
+        {
+            for (var i = 0; i < 5000; i++)
+            {
+                manager.SetTestDelay($"id{i % ids}", i);
+            }
+        });
+
+        var drained = Drain(manager);
+        await drained.Count.Should().BeGreaterThanOrEqualTo(ids);
+        await drained.Distinct().Count().Should().BeEqualTo(ids);
+    }
+
+    [Test]
+    public async Task SetTestDelay_ShouldCreateOneEntryPerIndex()
+    {
+        var manager = CreateManager();
+
+        await Parallel.ForEachAsync(Enumerable.Range(0, 500), new ParallelOptions { MaxDegreeOfParallelism = 32 },
+            async (i, ct) =>
+            {
+                manager.SetTestDelay($"same{i % 10}", i);
+                await Task.CompletedTask;
+            });
+
+        var items = await manager.GetProfileExs();
+        await items.Count.Should().BeEqualTo(10);
+        await items.Select(t => t.IndexId).Distinct().Count().Should().BeEqualTo(10);
+    }
+
+    private static ProfileExManager CreateManager()
+    {
+        return (ProfileExManager)Activator.CreateInstance(typeof(ProfileExManager), nonPublic: true)!;
+    }
+
+    private static List<string> Drain(ProfileExManager manager)
+    {
+        var queue = (System.Collections.Concurrent.ConcurrentQueue<string>)typeof(ProfileExManager)
+            .GetField("_queIndexIds", BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic)!
+            .GetValue(manager)!;
+
+        var result = new List<string>();
+        while (queue.TryDequeue(out var id))
+        {
+            result.Add(id);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+}

v2rayN/ServiceLib.Tests/Services/SpeedtestServiceBatchTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+namespace ServiceLib.Tests.Services;
+
+public class SpeedtestServiceBatchTests
+{
+    [Test]
+    [Arguments(0)]
+    [Arguments(1000)]
+    public async Task EmptySelection_ShouldReturnNoBatches(int pageSize)
+    {
+        await GetBatches([], pageSize).Count.Should().BeEqualTo(0);
+    }
+
+    [Test]
+    [Arguments(0)]
+    [Arguments(-1)]
+    public async Task NonPositivePageSize_ShouldKeepEveryEligibleProfile(int pageSize)
+    {
+        var profiles = CreateProfiles();
+        var batches = GetBatches(profiles, pageSize);
+
+        await batches.Count.Should().BeEqualTo(profiles.Count);
+        await batches.SelectMany(batch => batch).Count().Should().BeEqualTo(profiles.Count);
+        foreach (var profile in profiles)
+        {
+            await batches.SelectMany(batch => batch).Count(item => ReferenceEquals(item, profile)).Should().BeEqualTo(1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Test]
+    public async Task NormalBatches_ShouldRespectPageSizeAndKeepCoreTypesSeparate()
+    {
+        var profiles = CreateProfiles();
+        var batches = GetBatches(profiles, 2);
+
+        await batches.Count.Should().BeEqualTo(3);
+        await batches.SelectMany(batch => batch).Count().Should().BeEqualTo(profiles.Count);
+        foreach (var batch in batches)
+        {
+            await (batch.Count > 0 && batch.Count <= 2).Should().BeTrue();
+            await batch.Select(item => item.CoreType).Distinct().Count().Should().BeEqualTo(1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static List<ServerTestItem> CreateProfiles() =>
+    [
+        new() { CoreType = ECoreType.Xray },
+        new() { CoreType = ECoreType.Xray },
+        new() { CoreType = ECoreType.Xray },
+        new() { CoreType = ECoreType.sing_box },
+        new() { CoreType = ECoreType.sing_box }
+    ];
+
+    private static List<List<ServerTestItem>> GetBatches(List<ServerTestItem> profiles, int pageSize)
+    {
+        var service = new SpeedtestService(new Config { SpeedTestItem = new() }, _ => Task.CompletedTask);
+        var method = typeof(SpeedtestService).GetMethod("GetTestBatchItem", BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic)!;
+        return (List<List<ServerTestItem>>)method.Invoke(service, [profiles, pageSize])!;
+    }
+}

v2rayN/ServiceLib/Common/Utils.cs

@@ -1441,7 +1441,11 @@ public class Utils
             if (File.Exists(fileName))
             {
                 var currentMode = File.GetUnixFileMode(fileName);
-                File.SetUnixFileMode(fileName, currentMode | UnixFileMode.UserExecute | UnixFileMode.GroupExecute | UnixFileMode.OtherExecute);
+                var executableMode = currentMode | UnixFileMode.UserExecute | UnixFileMode.GroupExecute | UnixFileMode.OtherExecute;
+                if (currentMode != executableMode)
+                {
+                    File.SetUnixFileMode(fileName, executableMode);
+                }
                 return true;
             }
         }

v2rayN/ServiceLib/Global.cs

@@ -656,10 +656,10 @@ public class Global
         { ECoreType.Xray, "XTLS/Xray-core" },
         { ECoreType.sing_box, "SagerNet/sing-box" },
         { ECoreType.mihomo, "MetaCubeX/mihomo" },
-        { ECoreType.hysteria, "apernet/hysteria" },
-        { ECoreType.hysteria2, "apernet/hysteria" },
+        { ECoreType.hysteria, "HyNetworks/hysteria" },
+        { ECoreType.hysteria2, "HyNetworks/hysteria" },
         { ECoreType.naiveproxy, "klzgrad/naiveproxy" },
-        { ECoreType.tuic, "EAimTY/tuic" },
+        { ECoreType.tuic, "tuic-protocol/tuic" },
         { ECoreType.juicity, "juicity/juicity" },
         { ECoreType.brook, "txthinking/brook" },
         { ECoreType.overtls, "ShadowsocksR-Live/overtls" },

v2rayN/ServiceLib/Manager/ProfileExManager.cs

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ public class ProfileExManager
 {
     private static readonly Lazy<ProfileExManager> _instance = new(() => new());
     private ConcurrentBag<ProfileExItem> _lstProfileEx = [];
-    private readonly Queue<string> _queIndexIds = new();
+    private readonly ConcurrentQueue<string> _queIndexIds = new();
+    private readonly Lock _profileExLock = new();
     public static ProfileExManager Instance => _instance.Value;
     private static readonly string _tag = "ProfileExHandler";
 
@@ -27,29 +28,39 @@ public class ProfileExManager
     {
         await SQLiteHelper.Instance.ExecuteAsync($"delete from ProfileExItem where indexId not in ( select indexId from ProfileItem )");
 
-        _lstProfileEx = new(await SQLiteHelper.Instance.TableAsync<ProfileExItem>().ToListAsync());
+        var lstProfileEx = new ConcurrentBag<ProfileExItem>(await SQLiteHelper.Instance.TableAsync<ProfileExItem>().ToListAsync());
+        lock (_profileExLock)
+        {
+            _lstProfileEx = lstProfileEx;
+        }
     }
 
     private void IndexIdEnqueue(string indexId)
     {
-        if (indexId.IsNotEmpty() && !_queIndexIds.Contains(indexId))
+        if (indexId.IsNotEmpty())
         {
+            //Speed tests touch this from many threads; duplicates are harmless here since
+            //the save loop just writes the same row more than once
             _queIndexIds.Enqueue(indexId);
         }
     }
 
     private async Task SaveQueueIndexIds()
     {
-        var cnt = _queIndexIds.Count;
-        if (cnt > 0)
+        var lstIds = new List<string>();
+        while (_queIndexIds.TryDequeue(out var id))
+        {
+            lstIds.Add(id);
+        }
+
+        if (lstIds.Count > 0)
         {
             var lstExists = await SQLiteHelper.Instance.TableAsync<ProfileExItem>().ToListAsync();
             List<ProfileExItem> lstInserts = [];
             List<ProfileExItem> lstUpdates = [];
 
-            for (var i = 0; i < cnt; i++)
+            foreach (var id in lstIds)
             {
-                var id = _queIndexIds.Dequeue();
                 var item = lstExists.FirstOrDefault(t => t.IndexId == id);
                 var itemNew = _lstProfileEx?.FirstOrDefault(t => t.IndexId == id);
                 if (itemNew is null)
@@ -103,13 +114,26 @@ public class ProfileExManager
 
     private ProfileExItem GetProfileExItem(string? indexId)
     {
-        return _lstProfileEx.FirstOrDefault(t => t.IndexId == indexId) ?? AddProfileEx(indexId);
+        var profileEx = _lstProfileEx.FirstOrDefault(t => t.IndexId == indexId);
+        if (profileEx is not null)
+        {
+            return profileEx;
+        }
+
+        lock (_profileExLock)
+        {
+            profileEx = _lstProfileEx.FirstOrDefault(t => t.IndexId == indexId);
+            return profileEx ?? AddProfileEx(indexId);
+        }
     }
 
     public async Task ClearAll()
     {
         await SQLiteHelper.Instance.ExecuteAsync($"delete from ProfileExItem ");
-        _lstProfileEx = [];
+        lock (_profileExLock)
+        {
+            _lstProfileEx = [];
+        }
     }
 
     public async Task SaveTo()

v2rayN/ServiceLib/Sample/chrome_roots_pem

@@ -300,40 +300,6 @@ AAoACxGV2lZFA4gKn2fQ1XmxqI1AbQ3CekD6819kR5LLU7m7Wc5P/dAVUwHY3+vZ
 5nbv0CO7O6l5s9UCKc2Jo5YPSjXnTkLAdc0Hz+Ys63su
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
 
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-
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@@ -732,20 +698,6 @@ LPAvTK33sefOT6jEm0pUBsV/fdUID+Ic/n4XuKxe9tQWskMJDE32p2u0mYRlynqI
 4uJEvlz36hz1
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
 
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-
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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@@ -805,38 +757,6 @@ HQ8BAf8EBAMCAYYwDwYDVR0TAQH/BAUwAwEB/zAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUVLB7rUW44kB/
 bmF0774BxL4YSFlhgjICICadVGNA3jdgUM/I2O2dgq43mLyjj0xMqTQrbO/7lZsm
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
 
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-
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 MIIFzzCCA7egAwIBAgIUCBZfikyl7ADJk0DfxMauI7gcWqQwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEL
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@@ -1189,31 +1109,6 @@ AHFiRSdLOkKEW39lt2c0Ui2cFmuqqNh7o0JMcccMyj6D5KbvtwEwXlGjefVwaaZB
 RA+GsCyRxj3qrg+E
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
 
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-
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v2rayN/ServiceLib/Services/CoreConfig/Singbox/SingboxOutboundService.cs

@@ -356,6 +356,8 @@ public partial class CoreConfigSingboxService
             {
                 case EConfigType.WireGuard:
                     {
+                        endpoint.server = null;
+                        endpoint.server_port = null;
                         endpoint.address = Utils.String2List(protocolExtra.WgInterfaceAddress)?.Select(s => s.Trim()).ToList() ?? ["172.16.0.2/32"];
                         var peer = new Peer4Sbox
                         {

v2rayN/ServiceLib/Services/CoreConfig/V2ray/V2rayInboundService.cs

@@ -67,12 +67,10 @@ public partial class CoreConfigV2rayService
 
                 var address = _config.TunModeItem.IPv4Address.NullIfEmpty() ?? Global.TunIPv4Address.First();
                 tunInbound.settings.gateway = [address];
-                // Route both families into the tunnel regardless of EnableIPv6Address. That option only
-                // controls whether the interface gets an IPv6 address; leaving ::/0 out of the routing
-                // table makes IPv6 follow the system default route and bypass the tunnel entirely.
-                // A host without a global IPv6 address is the exception: it has nothing to leak,
-                // and IPv6 sent into the tunnel would have no way back out.
-                tunInbound.settings.autoSystemRoutingTable = context.HasGlobalIPv6Address
+                // Without ::/0, IPv6 bypasses the tunnel. Skip it only when the host has no global IPv6
+                // address and EnableIPv6Address is off; NAT66 hosts have only ULA addresses.
+                var routeIPv6 = _config.TunModeItem.EnableIPv6Address || context.HasGlobalIPv6Address;
+                tunInbound.settings.autoSystemRoutingTable = routeIPv6
                     ? ["0.0.0.0/0", "::/0"]
                     : ["0.0.0.0/0"];
                 if (_config.TunModeItem.EnableIPv6Address == true)
@@ -108,7 +106,7 @@ public partial class CoreConfigV2rayService
                         .Where(x => x != null).ToList();
 
                     var includeList = new List<IPNetwork2> { wholeInternet };
-                    var includeListV6 = context.HasGlobalIPv6Address
+                    var includeListV6 = routeIPv6
                         ? new List<IPNetwork2> { wholeInternetV6 }
                         : new List<IPNetwork2>();
 

v2rayN/ServiceLib/Services/SpeedtestService.cs

@@ -587,6 +587,12 @@ public class SpeedtestService(Config config, Func<SpeedTestResult, Task> updateF
     private List<List<ServerTestItem>> GetTestBatchItem(List<ServerTestItem> lstSelected, int pageSize)
     {
         List<List<ServerTestItem>> lstTest = [];
+        if (lstSelected.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return lstTest;
+        }
+
+        pageSize = Math.Max(pageSize, 1);
         var lst1 = lstSelected.Where(t => t.CoreType == ECoreType.Xray).ToList();
         var lst2 = lstSelected.Where(t => t.CoreType == ECoreType.sing_box).ToList();
 

v2rayN/ServiceLib/ViewModels/ClashProxiesViewModel.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ namespace ServiceLib.ViewModels;
 
 public partial class ClashProxiesViewModel : MyReactiveObject
 {
-    private readonly int _delayTimeout = 99999999;
+    private const int _delayTimeout = 99999999;
     private ClashItem _clashItem = new();
 
     public ClashProxiesViewModel()
@@ -235,6 +235,11 @@ public partial class ClashProxiesViewModel : MyReactiveObject
         {
             return;
         }
+        var dicCurrentDetails = new Dictionary<string, ClashProxyModel>();
+        foreach (var item in ProxyDetails)
+        {
+            dicCurrentDetails.TryAdd(item.Name, item);
+        }
         var lstDetails = new List<ClashProxyModel>();
         foreach (var item in proxy.all)
         {
@@ -243,15 +248,29 @@ public partial class ClashProxiesViewModel : MyReactiveObject
             {
                 continue;
             }
-            var delay = proxy2.history?.Count > 0 ? proxy2.history.Last().delay : -1;
+            var delay = -1;
+            var hasData = false;
+
+            if (proxy2.history is { Count: > 0 })
+            {
+                delay = proxy2.history.Last().delay;
+                hasData = true;
+            }
+            else if (dicCurrentDetails.TryGetValue(item, out var detail))
+            {
+                delay = detail.Delay;
+                hasData = true;
+            }
+
+            var isValidDelay = delay is > 0 and not _delayTimeout;
 
             lstDetails.Add(new ClashProxyModel
             {
                 IsActive = item == proxy.now,
                 Name = item,
                 Type = proxy2.type,
-                Delay = delay <= 0 ? _delayTimeout : delay,
-                DelayName = delay <= 0 ? string.Empty : $"{delay}ms",
+                Delay = isValidDelay ? delay : _delayTimeout,
+                DelayName = !hasData ? string.Empty : (isValidDelay ? $"{delay}ms" : "-1"),
             });
         }
         // sort
@@ -362,8 +381,9 @@ public partial class ClashProxiesViewModel : MyReactiveObject
         {
             return;
         }
-        detail.Delay = Convert.ToInt32(result.Delay);
-        detail.DelayName = $"{detail.Delay}ms";
+        var isValid = int.TryParse(result.Delay, out var delay) && delay > 0 && delay != _delayTimeout;
+        detail.Delay = isValid ? delay : _delayTimeout;
+        detail.DelayName = isValid ? $"{delay}ms" : "-1";
         await Task.CompletedTask;
     }
 

v2rayN/ServiceLib/ViewModels/MainWindowViewModel.cs

@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ public partial class MainWindowViewModel : MyReactiveObject
     public async Task AddServerViaImageAsync()
     {
         var imageFileName = await BrowseImageFileInteraction.HandleSafe(RxVoid.Default);
-        await AddScanResultAsync(imageFileName);
+        await ScanImageResult(imageFileName);
     }
 
     public async Task ScanImageResult(string fileName)

v2rayN/ServiceLib/ViewModels/StatusBarViewModel.cs

@@ -219,7 +219,8 @@ public partial class StatusBarViewModel : MyReactiveObject
         await ConfigHandler.InitBuiltinRouting(_config);
         await RefreshRoutingsMenu();
         await InboundDisplayStatus();
-        await ChangeSystemProxyAsync(_config.SystemProxyItem.SysProxyType, true);
+        // The view refreshes its icon on initialization; interaction handlers are not registered yet.
+        await ChangeSystemProxyAsync(_config.SystemProxyItem.SysProxyType, false);
 
         BlRouting = true;
     }

v2rayN/v2rayN.Desktop/Views/BackupAndRestoreView.axaml

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
                 HorizontalAlignment="Left" />
         </StackPanel>
 
-        <StackPanel>
+        <StackPanel Grid.IsSharedSizeScope="True">
             <Border
                 Margin="{StaticResource Margin4}"
                 VerticalAlignment="Center"
@@ -32,8 +32,14 @@
 
                 <Grid Margin="{StaticResource Margin4}" RowDefinitions="Auto,Auto,Auto,Auto">
                     <Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
-                        <ColumnDefinition Width="Auto" MinWidth="300" />
-                        <ColumnDefinition Width="Auto" MinWidth="200" />
+                        <ColumnDefinition
+                            Width="Auto"
+                            MinWidth="300"
+                            SharedSizeGroup="BackupLabel" />
+                        <ColumnDefinition
+                            Width="Auto"
+                            MinWidth="200"
+                            SharedSizeGroup="BackupButton" />
                     </Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
                     <TextBlock
                         Grid.Row="0"
@@ -82,8 +88,14 @@
                 Theme="{DynamicResource CardBorder}">
                 <Grid Margin="{StaticResource Margin4}" RowDefinitions="Auto,Auto,Auto,Auto,Auto">
                     <Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
-                        <ColumnDefinition Width="Auto" MinWidth="300" />
-                        <ColumnDefinition Width="Auto" MinWidth="200" />
+                        <ColumnDefinition
+                            Width="Auto"
+                            MinWidth="300"
+                            SharedSizeGroup="BackupLabel" />
+                        <ColumnDefinition
+                            Width="Auto"
+                            MinWidth="200"
+                            SharedSizeGroup="BackupButton" />
                     </Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
                     <StackPanel
                         Grid.Row="0"

v2rayN/v2rayN.Desktop/Views/CheckUpdateView.axaml

@@ -75,22 +75,23 @@
                                     VerticalAlignment="Center"
                                     IsChecked="{Binding IsSelected}" />
 
-                                <StackPanel
+                                <DockPanel
                                     Grid.Column="1"
-                                    Margin="{StaticResource Margin4}"
-                                    IsVisible="{Binding ShowCheckPreRelease}"
-                                    Orientation="Horizontal">
+                                    Margin="{StaticResource MarginLr4}"
+                                    IsVisible="{Binding ShowCheckPreRelease}">
                                     <ToggleSwitch
                                         Margin="{StaticResource Margin4}"
                                         HorizontalAlignment="Left"
+                                        VerticalAlignment="Center"
                                         IsChecked="{Binding IsCheckPreRelease}"
                                         OffContent=""
                                         OnContent="" />
                                     <TextBlock
                                         Margin="{StaticResource Margin4}"
                                         VerticalAlignment="Center"
-                                        Text="{x:Static resx:ResUI.TbSettingsEnableCheckPreReleaseUpdate}" />
-                                </StackPanel>
+                                        Text="{x:Static resx:ResUI.TbSettingsEnableCheckPreReleaseUpdate}"
+                                        TextWrapping="Wrap" />
+                                </DockPanel>
 
                                 <TextBlock
                                     Grid.Column="2"

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/.NET/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+*
+!.gitignore

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/.env.example

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# v2rayN.WebAPI environment example
+#
+# Copy this file to .env before starting:
+#
+#   cp .env.example .env
+#   ./v2rayN.WebAPI
+#
+# Native local installs may leave V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY empty ONLY with loopback
+# listeners (127.0.0.1, localhost, [::1]) and complete setup in a local browser.
+# LAN/NAS/headless/systemd/container deployments must preconfigure a non-empty Key.
+# Any non-loopback listener requires this environment Key, even after local setup.
+
+V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY=
+
+# Optional exact browser/client origins. Empty/unset denies cross-origin API access.
+# Origin = scheme + host + port, never a path, query, fragment or wildcard.
+# V2RAYN_WEB_ALLOWED_ORIGINS=https://client.example.com,http://localhost:5173
+
+# Web management interface. The default listens only on loopback.
+# Set V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY before changing this to http://0.0.0.0:5080 for LAN access.
+ASPNETCORE_URLS=http://127.0.0.1:5080
+
+# Start the selected Core automatically after authentication setup.
+V2RAYN_WEB_AUTOSTART=true
+
+# Optional proxy listener port.
+# V2RAYN_WEB_PROXY_PORT=10808
+
+# Allow proxy clients outside localhost.
+# V2RAYN_WEB_PROXY_LISTEN_ALL=false
+
+# Optional writable data directory.
+# V2RAYN_DATA_HOME=/path/to/v2rayn-data

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/.packages/
+/.NET/*
+!/.NET/.gitignore
+/TestResults/
+.env
+/bin/
+/obj/
+/publish/
+/core-bin/
+/Tests/bin/
+/Tests/obj/
+/Tests/TestResults/

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Adapters/HeadlessWindowDialog.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+using ServiceLib.Base;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Adapters;
+
+public sealed class HeadlessWindowDialog : IWindowDialog
+{
+    public Task<bool> ShowDialogAsync<TViewModel>(TViewModel vm)
+        where TViewModel : class => Task.FromResult(false);
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Api/ApiReplies.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Api;
+
+public static class ApiReplies
+{
+    public static IResult Ok<T>(T data, string messageKey = ApiMessageKeys.CommonLoaded) =>
+        Results.Ok(ApiEnvelope<T>.Ok(data, messageKey));
+
+    public static IResult Operation(
+        OperationView result,
+        int successStatus = StatusCodes.Status200OK,
+        int failureStatus = StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest) =>
+        Results.Json(result, statusCode: result.Success ? successStatus : failureStatus);
+
+    public static IResult NotFound(string code, string messageKey) =>
+        Results.Json(ApiEnvelope<object>.Fail(code, messageKey), statusCode: StatusCodes.Status404NotFound);
+
+    public static IResult Conflict(string code, string messageKey, object? data = null) =>
+        Results.Json(ApiEnvelope<object>.Fail(code, messageKey, data), statusCode: StatusCodes.Status409Conflict);
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Api/DeleteAfterFileResult.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Api;
+
+public sealed class DeleteAfterFileResult(string filePath) : IResult
+{
+    public async Task ExecuteAsync(HttpContext httpContext)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            await using var stream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read);
+            await Results.File(stream, "application/zip", Path.GetFileName(filePath), enableRangeProcessing: false)
+                .ExecuteAsync(httpContext);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(filePath))
+            {
+                File.Delete(filePath);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Api/WebApiEndpoints.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,405 @@
+using ServiceLib.Enums;
+using ServiceLib.Models.Entities;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Api;
+
+public static class WebApiEndpoints
+{
+    private static readonly System.Text.Json.JsonSerializerOptions SseJsonOptions =
+        new(System.Text.Json.JsonSerializerDefaults.Web);
+
+    internal static string SerializeEventData(object? data) => data is null
+        ? "null"
+        : System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(data, data.GetType(), SseJsonOptions);
+
+    public static void MapWebApi(this WebApplication app)
+    {
+        app.MapGet("/api/health", (HttpContext context, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            Results.Ok(WebHealthEndpoint.CreateResponse(context, runtime)));
+        app.MapGet("/api/status", async (V2rayRuntime runtime) => ApiReplies.Ok(await runtime.GetStatusAsync(), "status.loaded"));
+        app.MapGet("/api/operations", async (V2rayRuntime runtime) => ApiReplies.Ok(await runtime.GetRunningOperationsAsync(), "operations.loaded"));
+        app.MapGet("/api/logs", (int? limit, string? filter, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Ok(runtime.GetRecentLogs(limit ?? 200, filter), "logs.loaded"));
+        app.MapGet("/api/logs/page", (int? page, int? pageSize, string? filter, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Ok(runtime.GetRecentLogsPage(page ?? 1, pageSize ?? 100, filter), "logs.loaded"));
+        app.MapDelete("/api/logs", (V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+        {
+            var generation = runtime.ClearLogs();
+            return ApiReplies.Ok(new { cleared = true, generation }, "logs.cleared");
+        });
+
+        MapSubscriptions(app);
+        MapProfiles(app);
+        MapSettings(app);
+        app.MapGet("/api/editor-options", () => ApiReplies.Ok(V2rayRuntime.GetEditorOptions(), ApiMessageKeys.CommonLoaded));
+        MapCore(app);
+        MapEvents(app);
+    }
+
+    private static void MapSubscriptions(WebApplication app)
+    {
+        app.MapGet("/api/subscriptions", async (V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Ok(await runtime.GetSubscriptionsAsync(), "subscriptions.loaded"));
+        app.MapPost("/api/subscriptions", async (SubscriptionInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+        {
+            var result = await runtime.AddSubscriptionAsync(input);
+            return result.Success
+                ? Results.Created($"/api/subscriptions/{result.Data!.Id}", result)
+                : Results.BadRequest(result);
+        });
+        app.MapPut("/api/subscriptions/{id}", async (string id, SubscriptionInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+        {
+            var result = await runtime.UpdateSubscriptionAsync(id, input);
+            return result.Success ? Results.Ok(result) : Results.BadRequest(result);
+        });
+        app.MapDelete("/api/subscriptions/{id}", async (string id, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+        {
+            var result = await runtime.DeleteSubscriptionAsync(id);
+            return ApiReplies.Operation(result, failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status404NotFound);
+        });
+        app.MapGet("/api/subscriptions/{id}/share", async (string id, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+        {
+            var url = await runtime.GetSubscriptionShareAsync(id);
+            return url is null
+                ? ApiReplies.NotFound("subscription_not_found", ApiMessageKeys.SubscriptionNotFound)
+                : ApiReplies.Ok(new { id, url }, "subscriptions.shareLoaded");
+        });
+        app.MapPost("/api/subscriptions/update", (SubscriptionUpdateRequest request, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            runtime.StartSubscriptionUpdate(request.SubscriptionId ?? string.Empty, request.UseProxy)
+                ? Results.Accepted("/api/operations", OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.SubscriptionUpdateStarted,
+                    new { subscriptionId = request.SubscriptionId, useProxy = request.UseProxy }))
+                : ApiReplies.Operation(OperationView.Fail("subscription_update_busy", ApiMessageKeys.SubscriptionUpdateBusy), failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status409Conflict));
+        app.MapPost("/api/subscriptions/{id}/update", (string id, bool? useProxy, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            runtime.StartSubscriptionUpdate(id, useProxy ?? false)
+                ? Results.Accepted($"/api/subscriptions/{id}", OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.SubscriptionUpdateStarted,
+                    new { subscriptionId = id, useProxy = useProxy ?? false }))
+                : ApiReplies.Operation(OperationView.Fail("subscription_update_busy", ApiMessageKeys.SubscriptionUpdateBusy), failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status409Conflict));
+    }
+
+    private static void MapProfiles(WebApplication app)
+    {
+        app.MapGet("/api/profile-groups", async (V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Ok(await runtime.GetProfileGroupsAsync(), "profiles.groupsLoaded"));
+        app.MapPut("/api/profile-groups/current", async (ProfileGroupSelectionRequest request, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.SelectProfileGroupAsync(request.SubscriptionId), failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status404NotFound));
+        app.MapPost("/api/profile-groups/generate/all", async (string? subscriptionId, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.GenerateProfileGroupsAsync(subscriptionId, false)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/profile-groups/generate/regions", async (string? subscriptionId, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.GenerateProfileGroupsAsync(subscriptionId, true)));
+
+        app.MapGet("/api/profiles", async (string? subscriptionId, string? filter, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Ok(await runtime.GetProfilesAsync(subscriptionId, filter), "profiles.loaded"));
+        app.MapGet("/api/profiles/{id}", async (string id, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+        {
+            var profile = await runtime.GetProfileDetailsAsync(id);
+            return profile is null
+                ? ApiReplies.NotFound("profile_not_found", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileNotFound)
+                : ApiReplies.Ok(profile, ApiMessageKeys.ProfileDetailLoaded);
+        });
+        app.MapPost("/api/profiles/import", async (ProfileImportRequest request, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.ImportProfilesAsync(request)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/profiles", async (ProfileItem profile, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.SaveProfileAsync(profile)));
+        app.MapPut("/api/profiles/{id}", async (string id, ProfileItem profile, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+        {
+            var result = await runtime.SaveProfileAsync(profile, id);
+            return ApiReplies.Operation(result,
+                failureStatus: result.Code == "profile_not_found" ? StatusCodes.Status404NotFound : StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest);
+        });
+        app.MapDelete("/api/profiles", async ([FromBody] ProfileIdsRequest request, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.DeleteProfilesAsync(request.ProfileIds)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/profiles/copy", async (ProfileIdsRequest request, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.CopyProfilesAsync(request.ProfileIds)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/profiles/move-to-group", async (MoveProfilesRequest request, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.MoveProfilesToGroupAsync(request)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/profiles/move", async (MoveProfileRequest request, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.MoveProfileAsync(request)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/profiles/sort", async (SortProfilesRequest request, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.SortProfilesAsync(request)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/profiles/deduplicate", async (string? subscriptionId, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.RemoveDuplicateProfilesAsync(subscriptionId)));
+        app.MapDelete("/api/profiles/invalid-test-results", async (string? subscriptionId, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.RemoveInvalidProfilesAsync(subscriptionId)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/profiles/export", async (ProfileExportRequest request, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Ok(await runtime.ExportProfileDataAsync(request), "profiles.exportReady"));
+        app.MapPost("/api/profiles/{id}/select", async (string id, V2rayRuntime runtime, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.SelectProfileAsync(id, cancellationToken), failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status409Conflict));
+        app.MapPost("/api/profiles/{id}/latency", async (string id, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.StartLatencyTestAsync(id), successStatus: StatusCodes.Status202Accepted));
+        app.MapPost("/api/speedtests", async (SpeedTestRequest request, V2rayRuntime runtime, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.StartSpeedTestAsync(request, cancellationToken), successStatus: StatusCodes.Status202Accepted));
+        app.MapDelete("/api/speedtests", (V2rayRuntime runtime) => ApiReplies.Operation(runtime.StopSpeedTests()));
+        app.MapPost("/api/latency/stop", (V2rayRuntime runtime) => ApiReplies.Operation(runtime.StopLatencyTests()));
+    }
+
+    private static void MapSettings(WebApplication app)
+    {
+        app.MapGet("/api/settings", async (V2rayRuntime runtime) => ApiReplies.Ok(await runtime.GetSettingsAsync(), "settings.loaded"));
+        app.MapPut("/api/settings/apply", async (SettingsApplyInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.ApplySettingsAsync(input)));
+        app.MapPut("/api/settings/inbound", async (InboundSettingsInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.UpdateInboundSettingsAsync(input)));
+        app.MapPut("/api/settings/core", async (CoreSettingsInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.UpdateCoreSettingsAsync(input)));
+        app.MapPut("/api/settings/application", async (AppSettingsInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.UpdateAppSettingsAsync(input)));
+        app.MapPut("/api/settings/speedtest", async (SpeedTestSettingsInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.UpdateSpeedTestSettingsAsync(input)));
+        app.MapPut("/api/settings/core-types", async (CoreTypeMappingsInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.UpdateCoreTypeMappingsAsync(input.Mappings)));
+        app.MapPut("/api/settings/routing", async (RoutingSettingsInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.UpdateRoutingStrategiesAsync(input)));
+        app.MapGet("/api/settings/webdav", (V2rayRuntime runtime) => ApiReplies.Ok(runtime.GetWebDavSettings(), "backup.webdavSettingsLoaded"));
+        app.MapPut("/api/settings/webdav", async (WebDavSettingsInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.UpdateWebDavSettingsAsync(input)));
+
+        app.MapGet("/api/settings/dns/simple", async (V2rayRuntime runtime) => ApiReplies.Ok(await runtime.GetSimpleDNSAsync(), "dns.simpleLoaded"));
+        app.MapPut("/api/settings/dns/simple", async (ServiceLib.Models.Configs.SimpleDNSItem input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.UpdateSimpleDNSAsync(input)));
+        app.MapGet("/api/settings/dns/profiles", async (V2rayRuntime runtime) => ApiReplies.Ok(await runtime.GetDnsProfilesAsync(), "dns.profilesLoaded"));
+        app.MapPut("/api/settings/dns/profiles/{coreType}", async (ECoreType coreType, DnsProfileInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.UpdateDnsProfileAsync(coreType, input), failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status404NotFound));
+        app.MapGet("/api/settings/dns/editor-options", () => ApiReplies.Ok(V2rayRuntime.GetDnsEditorOptions(), ApiMessageKeys.CommonLoaded));
+        app.MapGet("/api/settings/dns/defaults", (V2rayRuntime runtime) => ApiReplies.Ok(runtime.GetDefaultDnsProfiles(), ApiMessageKeys.CommonLoaded));
+
+        app.MapGet("/api/settings/routing-profiles", async (V2rayRuntime runtime) => ApiReplies.Ok(await runtime.GetRoutingProfilesAsync(), "routing.profilesLoaded"));
+        app.MapPost("/api/settings/routing-profiles", async (RoutingItem input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.SaveRoutingProfileAsync(input)));
+        app.MapPut("/api/settings/routing-profiles/{id}", async (string id, RoutingItem input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.SaveRoutingProfileAsync(input, id), failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status404NotFound));
+        app.MapDelete("/api/settings/routing-profiles/{id}", async (string id, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.DeleteRoutingProfileAsync(id), failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status404NotFound));
+        app.MapPost("/api/settings/routing-profiles/{id}/activate", async (string id, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.ActivateRoutingProfileAsync(id), failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status404NotFound));
+        app.MapGet("/api/settings/routing-profiles/{id}/rules", async (string id, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Ok(await runtime.GetRoutingRulesAsync(id), "routing.rulesLoaded"));
+        app.MapPut("/api/settings/routing-profiles/{id}/rules", async (string id, List<RulesItem> rules, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.SaveRoutingRulesAsync(id, rules), failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status404NotFound));
+        app.MapPost("/api/settings/routing-profiles/{id}/rules/import", async (string id, RouteRulesImportInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.ImportRoutingRulesAsync(id, input)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/settings/routing-profiles/{id}/rules/import-url", async (string id, RouteRulesUrlImportInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.ImportRoutingRulesFromUrlAsync(id, input.Append, cancellationToken)));
+        app.MapDelete("/api/settings/routing-profiles/{id}/rules/{ruleId}", async (string id, string ruleId, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.DeleteRoutingRuleAsync(id, ruleId), failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status404NotFound));
+        app.MapPost("/api/settings/routing-profiles/{id}/rules/move", async (string id, RouteRulesMoveRequest input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.MoveRoutingRuleAsync(id, input.RuleId, input.Direction, input.Position)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/settings/routing-profiles/import", async (V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.ImportRoutingProfilesAsync()));
+
+        app.MapGet("/api/settings/core-templates", async (V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Ok(await runtime.GetFullConfigTemplatesAsync(), "coreTemplates.loaded"));
+        app.MapPut("/api/settings/core-templates/{coreType}", async (ECoreType coreType, CoreConfigTemplateInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.SaveFullConfigTemplateAsync(coreType, input), failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status404NotFound));
+        app.MapPost("/api/settings/regional-presets/{preset}", async (EPresetType preset, V2rayRuntime runtime, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.ApplyRegionalPresetAsync(preset, cancellationToken)));
+        app.MapDelete("/api/statistics", async (V2rayRuntime runtime) => ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.ClearStatisticsAsync()));
+
+        app.MapPost("/api/backup/webdav/check", async (V2rayRuntime runtime) => ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.CheckWebDavAsync()));
+        app.MapPost("/api/backup/webdav", async (V2rayRuntime runtime) => ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.BackupToWebDavAsync()));
+        app.MapPost("/api/backup/webdav/restore", async (V2rayRuntime runtime, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.RestoreFromWebDavAsync(cancellationToken), successStatus: StatusCodes.Status202Accepted));
+        app.MapGet("/api/backup/download", async (V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+        {
+            var (result, filePath) = await runtime.CreateBackupArchiveAsync();
+            return result.Success && filePath is not null
+                ? (IResult)new DeleteAfterFileResult(filePath)
+                : ApiReplies.Operation(result);
+        });
+        app.MapPost("/api/backup/restore", async (IFormFile file, V2rayRuntime runtime, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+        {
+            if (file.Length == 0)
+            {
+                return ApiReplies.Operation(OperationView.Fail("backup_file_empty", ApiMessageKeys.BackupArchiveInvalid));
+            }
+            if (file.Length > 64L * 1024 * 1024)
+            {
+                return ApiReplies.Operation(OperationView.Fail("backup_archive_too_large", ApiMessageKeys.BackupArchiveInvalid));
+            }
+            await using var input = file.OpenReadStream();
+            return ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.RestoreFromUploadAsync(input, cancellationToken), successStatus: StatusCodes.Status202Accepted);
+        }).DisableAntiforgery()
+            .WithMetadata(new RequestSizeLimitAttribute(65L * 1024 * 1024))
+            .WithMetadata(new RequestFormLimitsAttribute { MultipartBodyLengthLimit = 65L * 1024 * 1024 });
+    }
+
+    private static void MapCore(WebApplication app)
+    {
+        app.MapGet("/api/core-updates", (V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Ok(runtime.GetCoreUpdateSettings(), "maintenance.updatesLoaded"));
+        app.MapGet("/api/web-updates", (V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Ok(runtime.GetWebUpdateTarget(), "maintenance.updatesLoaded"));
+        app.MapGet("/api/web-updates/check", async (bool? preRelease, bool? useProxy, V2rayRuntime runtime, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+            Results.Ok(await runtime.CheckWebUpdateAsync(preRelease, useProxy, cancellationToken)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/web-updates/update", (bool? preRelease, bool? useProxy, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(runtime.StartWebUpdate(preRelease, useProxy),
+                successStatus: StatusCodes.Status202Accepted,
+                failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status409Conflict));
+        app.MapGet("/api/core-updates/progress", (V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Ok(runtime.GetCoreUpdateProgress(), "maintenance.updatesLoaded"));
+        app.MapPut("/api/core-updates/settings", async (CoreUpdateSettingsInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.SaveCoreUpdateSettingsAsync(input)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/core-updates/batch", (CoreUpdateBatchInput input, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(runtime.StartSelectedCoreUpdateBatch(input.Apply),
+                successStatus: StatusCodes.Status202Accepted,
+                failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status409Conflict));
+        app.MapGet("/api/core-updates/{coreType}/check", async (ECoreType coreType, bool? preRelease, bool? useProxy, V2rayRuntime runtime, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+            Results.Ok(await runtime.CheckCoreUpdateAsync(coreType, preRelease, useProxy, cancellationToken)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/core-updates/{coreType}/update", (ECoreType coreType, bool? preRelease, bool? useProxy, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(
+                runtime.StartCoreUpdate(coreType, preRelease, useProxy),
+                successStatus: StatusCodes.Status202Accepted,
+                failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status409Conflict));
+        app.MapGet("/api/core/xray/check-update", async (bool? preRelease, bool? useProxy, V2rayRuntime runtime, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+            Results.Ok(await runtime.CheckXrayUpdateAsync(preRelease ?? false, useProxy ?? true, cancellationToken)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/core/xray/update", (bool? preRelease, bool? useProxy, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(
+                runtime.StartCoreUpdate(ECoreType.Xray, preRelease ?? false, useProxy ?? true),
+                successStatus: StatusCodes.Status202Accepted,
+                failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status409Conflict));
+        app.MapPost("/api/core/geo/update", (bool? useProxy, V2rayRuntime runtime) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(
+                runtime.StartGeoUpdate(useProxy),
+                successStatus: StatusCodes.Status202Accepted,
+                failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status409Conflict));
+
+        app.MapPost("/api/core/start", async (V2rayRuntime runtime, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.StartCoreAsync(null, cancellationToken), failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status409Conflict));
+        app.MapPost("/api/core/stop", async (V2rayRuntime runtime, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.StopCoreAsync(cancellationToken)));
+        app.MapPost("/api/core/restart", async (V2rayRuntime runtime, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+            ApiReplies.Operation(await runtime.RestartCoreAsync(cancellationToken), failureStatus: StatusCodes.Status409Conflict));
+    }
+
+    private static void MapEvents(WebApplication app)
+    {
+        app.MapGet("/api/events", async (HttpContext context, EventHub events, WebSessionService sessions, IHostApplicationLifetime lifetime) =>
+        {
+            var session = context.Items.TryGetValue(WebSessionService.SessionSnapshotContextKey, out var sessionValue)
+                ? sessionValue as WebSessionSnapshot
+                : null;
+            if (session is null)
+            {
+                context.Response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status401Unauthorized;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var revoked = session.RevocationToken;
+            var applicationStopping = lifetime.ApplicationStopping;
+            // The stream must end as soon as the host starts stopping: Kestrel's
+            // graceful stop waits for open requests, and an attached client would
+            // otherwise pin the whole host shutdown budget.
+            using var linkedCancellation = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(
+                context.RequestAborted,
+                revoked,
+                applicationStopping);
+            var cancellationToken = linkedCancellation.Token;
+
+            context.Response.ContentType = "text/event-stream";
+            context.Response.Headers["Cache-Control"] = "no-cache";
+            context.Response.Headers["X-Accel-Buffering"] = "no";
+
+            using var heartbeat = new PeriodicTimer(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1));
+            var includeLogs = string.Equals(context.Request.Query["include_logs"], "true", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+            await using var subscription = events.Subscribe(cancellationToken, includeLogs).GetAsyncEnumerator(cancellationToken);
+            var nextEvent = subscription.MoveNextAsync().AsTask();
+            var nextHeartbeat = heartbeat.WaitForNextTickAsync(cancellationToken).AsTask();
+            try
+            {
+                while (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+                {
+                    var completed = await Task.WhenAny(nextEvent, nextHeartbeat);
+                    if (completed == nextHeartbeat)
+                    {
+                        if (!await nextHeartbeat)
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!await TryWriteSseHeartbeatAsync(context, sessions, session, cancellationToken))
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        nextHeartbeat = heartbeat.WaitForNextTickAsync(cancellationToken).AsTask();
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (!await nextEvent)
+                    {
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    var message = subscription.Current;
+                    var payload = SerializeEventData(message.Data);
+                    await context.Response.WriteAsync($"event: {message.Type}\ndata: {payload}\n\n", cancellationToken);
+                    await context.Response.Body.FlushAsync(cancellationToken);
+                    nextEvent = subscription.MoveNextAsync().AsTask();
+                }
+            }
+            catch (OperationCanceledException) when (context.RequestAborted.IsCancellationRequested || revoked.IsCancellationRequested)
+            {
+                await WriteUnauthorizedSseResponseAsync(context);
+            }
+            catch (OperationCanceledException) when (applicationStopping.IsCancellationRequested)
+            {
+                // The host is shutting down; end the stream quietly so the web
+                // server can finish its graceful stop instead of waiting for it.
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                // Task.WhenAny can leave either asynchronous wait pending when the stream is revoked.
+                // Cancel and drain both before disposing the async iterator and timer.
+                linkedCancellation.Cancel();
+                try
+                {
+                    await nextEvent;
+                }
+                catch (OperationCanceledException)
+                {
+                }
+
+                try
+                {
+                    await nextHeartbeat;
+                }
+                catch (OperationCanceledException)
+                {
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    internal static async Task<bool> TryWriteSseHeartbeatAsync(
+        HttpContext context,
+        WebSessionService sessions,
+        WebSessionSnapshot session,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (!sessions.TryValidateSseSessionWithoutRenewal(session.SessionDigest, out _))
+        {
+            await WriteUnauthorizedSseResponseAsync(context);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        await context.Response.WriteAsync(": keep-alive\n\n", cancellationToken);
+        await context.Response.Body.FlushAsync(cancellationToken);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static async Task WriteUnauthorizedSseResponseAsync(HttpContext context)
+    {
+        if (context.Response.HasStarted || context.RequestAborted.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        context.Response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status401Unauthorized;
+        context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";
+        await context.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(
+            ApiEnvelope<object>.Fail("unauthorized", ApiMessageKeys.CommonUnauthorized),
+            context.RequestAborted);
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Api/WebAuthEndpoints.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Api;
+
+public static class WebAuthEndpoints
+{
+    public static void MapWebAuthEndpoints(this WebApplication app)
+    {
+        app.MapPost("/api/auth/login", (WebLoginRequest request, WebAuthService auth, WebSessionService sessions) =>
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(request.Key)
+                || request.Key.Length > WebAuthService.MaximumKeyLength
+                || !auth.ValidateManagementKey(request.Key))
+            {
+                return Results.Json(
+                    ApiEnvelope<object>.Fail("management_key_invalid", ApiMessageKeys.CommonUnauthorized),
+                    statusCode: StatusCodes.Status401Unauthorized);
+            }
+
+            var session = sessions.CreateSession();
+            return Results.Ok(new
+            {
+                success = true,
+                data = new { token = session.Token, expiresAt = session.ExpiresAt },
+            });
+        }).RequireRateLimiting(WebAuthRateLimiting.LoginPolicy);
+
+        app.MapPost("/api/auth/logout", (HttpContext context, WebSessionService sessions) =>
+        {
+            sessions.Revoke(WebSessionService.ExtractPresentedToken(context));
+            return Results.Ok(new { success = true });
+        });
+
+        app.MapPost("/api/auth/sse-ticket", (HttpContext context, WebSessionService sessions) =>
+        {
+            if (!sessions.TryCreateSseTicket(WebSessionService.ExtractPresentedToken(context), out var ticket))
+            {
+                return Results.Json(
+                    ApiEnvelope<object>.Fail("unauthorized", ApiMessageKeys.CommonUnauthorized),
+                    statusCode: StatusCodes.Status401Unauthorized);
+            }
+
+            return Results.Ok(new
+            {
+                success = true,
+                data = new { ticket = ticket!.Token, expiresAt = ticket.ExpiresAt },
+            });
+        });
+    }
+
+    public sealed record WebLoginRequest(string? Key);
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Api/WebHealthEndpoint.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+using System.Globalization;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Api;
+
+internal sealed record WebHealthResponse(string Status);
+
+internal static class WebHealthEndpoint
+{
+    public static WebHealthResponse CreateResponse(HttpContext context, V2rayRuntime runtime)
+    {
+        // Native launcher/updater probes connect directly to a loopback address. Require
+        // the same peer/Host pair the probe rule accepts, and no forwarding headers, so
+        // a local reverse proxy cannot relay internal process diagnostics to a remote
+        // caller.
+        if (WebSetupAccessPolicy.IsLocalDiagnosticSource(
+                context.Connection.RemoteIpAddress, context.Request.Host.Host)
+            && WebCorsPolicy.IsSameOriginRequest(context.Request)
+            && !WebSetupAccessPolicy.HasForwardedHeaders(context.Request.Headers))
+        {
+            context.Response.Headers["X-v2rayn-WebAPI-instance-pid"] = Environment.ProcessId.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+            context.Response.Headers["X-v2rayn-WebAPI-version"] = WebBuildIdentity.Current.Version;
+            context.Response.Headers["X-v2rayn-WebAPI-core-state"] = runtime.GetCoreRuntimeState();
+            context.Response.Headers["X-v2rayn-WebAPI-core-process-ids"] = string.Join(',', runtime.GetCoreProcessIds());
+            context.Response.Headers["X-v2rayn-WebAPI-core-profile-id"] = runtime.GetCoreRuntimeProfileId() ?? string.Empty;
+            if (ShutdownDiagnostics.CurrentStage is { Length: > 0 } stage)
+            {
+                context.Response.Headers["X-v2rayn-WebAPI-shutdown-stage"] = stage;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new WebHealthResponse("ok");
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Api/WebSetupEndpoints.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Api;
+
+public static class WebSetupEndpoints
+{
+    public static void MapWebSetupEndpoints(this WebApplication app)
+    {
+        app.MapGet("/api/setup/status", (HttpContext context, WebAuthService auth) => Results.Ok(new
+        {
+            setupRequired = auth.SetupRequired,
+            environmentKeyConfigured = auth.EnvironmentKeyConfigured,
+            setupAllowedFromThisRequest = WebSetupAccessPolicy.IsAllowedFromRequest(context),
+        }));
+
+        app.MapPost("/api/setup", async (WebSetupRequest request, HttpContext context, WebAuthService auth, WebSessionService sessions) =>
+        {
+            var setupAccessAllowed = WebSetupAccessPolicy.IsAllowedFromRequest(context);
+            var result = await auth.SetupAsync(
+                request.Key,
+                request.ConfirmKey,
+                setupAccessAllowed,
+                context.RequestAborted);
+
+            return result switch
+            {
+                WebSetupResult.Created => CreateSetupResponse(sessions),
+                WebSetupResult.Forbidden => Results.Json(new { error = "private_network_required" }, statusCode: StatusCodes.Status403Forbidden),
+                WebSetupResult.KeyTooShort => Results.BadRequest(new { error = "key_too_short", minimumLength = WebAuthService.MinimumKeyLength }),
+                WebSetupResult.KeyTooLong => Results.BadRequest(new { error = "key_too_long", maximumLength = WebAuthService.MaximumKeyLength }),
+                WebSetupResult.KeysDoNotMatch => Results.BadRequest(new { error = "keys_do_not_match" }),
+                WebSetupResult.AlreadyConfigured => Results.Conflict(new { error = "already_configured" }),
+                _ => Results.StatusCode(StatusCodes.Status500InternalServerError),
+            };
+        }).RequireRateLimiting(WebAuthRateLimiting.SetupPolicy);
+    }
+
+    private static IResult CreateSetupResponse(WebSessionService sessions)
+    {
+        var session = sessions.CreateSession();
+        return Results.Ok(new { setupRequired = false, token = session.Token, expiresAt = session.ExpiresAt });
+    }
+
+    public sealed record WebSetupRequest(string? Key, string? ConfirmKey);
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Assets/web-assets.json

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+{
+  "assets": [
+    {
+      "rid": "linux-x64",
+      "arch": "64",
+      "full": "v2rayN-linux-64-WebAPI.zip",
+      "update": "v2rayN-linux-64-WebAPI-update.zip"
+    },
+    {
+      "rid": "linux-arm64",
+      "arch": "arm64",
+      "full": "v2rayN-linux-arm64-WebAPI.zip",
+      "update": "v2rayN-linux-arm64-WebAPI-update.zip"
+    },
+    {
+      "rid": "win-x64",
+      "arch": "64",
+      "full": "v2rayN-windows-64-WebAPI.zip",
+      "update": "v2rayN-windows-64-WebAPI-update.zip"
+    },
+    {
+      "rid": "win-arm64",
+      "arch": "arm64",
+      "full": "v2rayN-windows-arm64-WebAPI.zip",
+      "update": "v2rayN-windows-arm64-WebAPI-update.zip"
+    },
+    {
+      "rid": "linux-riscv64",
+      "arch": "riscv64",
+      "full": "v2rayN-linux-riscv64-WebAPI.zip",
+      "update": "v2rayN-linux-riscv64-WebAPI-update.zip"
+    },
+    {
+      "rid": "linux-loongarch64",
+      "arch": "loong64",
+      "full": "v2rayN-linux-loong64-WebAPI.zip",
+      "update": "v2rayN-linux-loong64-WebAPI-update.zip"
+    }
+  ]
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Configuration/NativeEnvironmentFile.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Configuration;
+
+internal sealed class NativeEnvironmentConfigurationException : Exception
+{
+    public NativeEnvironmentConfigurationException(string message, Exception? innerException = null)
+        : base(message, innerException)
+    {
+    }
+}
+
+internal static class NativeEnvironmentFile
+{
+    internal const int MaximumFileBytes = 64 * 1024;
+    internal const int MaximumValueBytes = 8 * 1024;
+
+    private static readonly UTF8Encoding StrictUtf8 = new(encoderShouldEmitUTF8Identifier: false, throwOnInvalidBytes: true);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Reads a minimal, non-shell KEY=value format. Comments occupy whole lines; the first '='
+    /// separates key and value. A value may be unquoted or wrapped in one matching pair of
+    /// single/double quotes. Quotes cannot be escaped, multiline values and shell syntax are
+    /// rejected, and the first occurrence of a duplicate key wins.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static void LoadFromExecutableDirectory(string executableDirectory)
+    {
+        var path = Path.Combine(Path.GetFullPath(executableDirectory), ".env");
+        if (Directory.Exists(path))
+            throw new NativeEnvironmentConfigurationException($"Invalid environment configuration in '{path}': expected a regular file.");
+        if (!File.Exists(path)) return;
+
+        Dictionary<string, string> values;
+        try
+        {
+            using var stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read);
+            if (stream.Length > MaximumFileBytes)
+                throw new NativeEnvironmentConfigurationException($"The file exceeds the {MaximumFileBytes}-byte size limit.");
+
+            using var contents = new MemoryStream();
+            var buffer = new byte[4096];
+            while (true)
+            {
+                var read = stream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
+                if (read == 0) break;
+                if (contents.Length + read > MaximumFileBytes)
+                    throw new NativeEnvironmentConfigurationException($"The file exceeds the {MaximumFileBytes}-byte size limit.");
+                contents.Write(buffer, 0, read);
+            }
+
+            values = Parse(StrictUtf8.GetString(contents.GetBuffer(), 0, checked((int)contents.Length)));
+        }
+        catch (NativeEnvironmentConfigurationException exception)
+        {
+            throw new NativeEnvironmentConfigurationException($"Invalid environment configuration in '{path}': {exception.Message}", exception);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException or DecoderFallbackException)
+        {
+            throw new NativeEnvironmentConfigurationException($"Could not read environment configuration from '{path}'.", exception);
+        }
+
+        var processEnvironment = ReadProcessEnvironment();
+        var mergedValues = Merge(values, processEnvironment);
+        foreach (var key in values.Keys)
+        {
+            // Never replace a variable inherited from the OS, systemd, or the container runtime.
+            if (!processEnvironment.ContainsKey(key))
+                Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(key, mergedValues[key]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static Dictionary<string, string> Parse(string contents)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(contents);
+        if (StrictUtf8.GetByteCount(contents) > MaximumFileBytes)
+            throw new NativeEnvironmentConfigurationException($"The file exceeds the {MaximumFileBytes}-byte size limit.");
+        if (contents.Contains('\0'))
+            throw new NativeEnvironmentConfigurationException("NUL characters are not allowed.");
+
+        if (contents.Length > 0 && contents[0] == '\uFEFF')
+            contents = contents[1..];
+
+        var parsed = new Dictionary<string, string>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        using var reader = new StringReader(contents);
+        var lineNumber = 0;
+        while (reader.ReadLine() is { } rawLine)
+        {
+            lineNumber++;
+            var line = rawLine.Trim();
+            if (line.Length == 0 || line.StartsWith('#')) continue;
+
+            var separator = line.IndexOf('=');
+            if (separator <= 0)
+                throw InvalidLine(lineNumber, "expected KEY=value");
+
+            var key = line[..separator];
+            if (!IsValidKey(key))
+                throw InvalidLine(lineNumber, "invalid key name");
+
+            var value = ParseValue(line[(separator + 1)..], lineNumber);
+            // Duplicate keys are valid but deterministic: the first occurrence wins.
+            if (!parsed.ContainsKey(key)) parsed.Add(key, value);
+        }
+
+        return parsed;
+    }
+
+    internal static Dictionary<string, string> Merge(
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> fileValues,
+        IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string?> processEnvironment)
+    {
+        var merged = new Dictionary<string, string>(EnvironmentVariableComparer());
+        foreach (var (key, fileValue) in fileValues)
+        {
+            // Presence wins even when the process supplied an empty value.
+            merged[key] = processEnvironment.TryGetValue(key, out var processValue)
+                ? processValue ?? string.Empty
+                : fileValue;
+        }
+        return merged;
+    }
+
+    private static Dictionary<string, string?> ReadProcessEnvironment()
+    {
+        var values = new Dictionary<string, string?>(EnvironmentVariableComparer());
+        foreach (DictionaryEntry entry in Environment.GetEnvironmentVariables())
+            values[(string)entry.Key] = entry.Value?.ToString();
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    private static string ParseValue(string value, int lineNumber)
+    {
+        if (value.Length > 0 && value[0] is '\'' or '"')
+        {
+            var quote = value[0];
+            if (value.Length < 2 || value[^1] != quote)
+                throw InvalidLine(lineNumber, "malformed quoted value");
+
+            value = value[1..^1];
+            if (value.Contains(quote))
+                throw InvalidLine(lineNumber, "quoted values do not support escapes or embedded matching quotes");
+        }
+        else if (value.Contains('\'') || value.Contains('"'))
+        {
+            throw InvalidLine(lineNumber, "quotes must wrap the entire value");
+        }
+
+        if (StrictUtf8.GetByteCount(value) > MaximumValueBytes)
+            throw InvalidLine(lineNumber, $"value exceeds the {MaximumValueBytes}-byte size limit");
+
+        // This is a plain-text format, not a shell: reject shell expansion/escape syntax rather
+        // than interpreting it. No command or variable expansion is ever performed.
+        if (value.Contains('$') || value.Contains('`') || value.Contains('\\'))
+            throw InvalidLine(lineNumber, "shell expansion and escape syntax are not supported");
+
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsValidKey(string key)
+    {
+        if (key.Length == 0 || !IsAsciiLetter(key[0]) && key[0] != '_') return false;
+        for (var index = 1; index < key.Length; index++)
+        {
+            var character = key[index];
+            if (!IsAsciiLetter(character) && !char.IsAsciiDigit(character) && character != '_') return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsAsciiLetter(char value) => value is >= 'A' and <= 'Z' or >= 'a' and <= 'z';
+
+    private static StringComparer EnvironmentVariableComparer() =>
+        OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase : StringComparer.Ordinal;
+
+    private static NativeEnvironmentConfigurationException InvalidLine(int lineNumber, string reason) =>
+        new($"Line {lineNumber}: {reason}.");
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Containerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+ARG RID=linux-x64
+ARG WEB_VERSION=0.0.0-dev
+ARG WEB_COMMIT=unknown
+ARG WEB_BUILD_DATE=unknown
+ARG WEB_REPOSITORY=2dust/v2rayN
+
+FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM docker.io/library/alpine:3.22 AS core-assets
+ARG RID
+RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates curl unzip
+COPY v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/fetch-core-bundle.sh /usr/local/bin/fetch-core-bundle
+RUN sh /usr/local/bin/fetch-core-bundle "$RID" /out/bin
+
+FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:10.0 AS publish
+ARG RID
+ARG WEB_VERSION
+ARG WEB_COMMIT
+ARG WEB_BUILD_DATE
+ARG WEB_REPOSITORY
+WORKDIR /src
+COPY v2rayN/ ./v2rayN/
+RUN NUGET_PACKAGES=/src/.packages/nuget dotnet publish v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/v2rayN.WebAPI.csproj \
+    --configuration Release \
+    --runtime "$RID" \
+    --self-contained true \
+    -p:PublishSingleFile=true \
+    -p:IncludeNativeLibrariesForSelfExtract=true \
+    -p:WebVersion="$WEB_VERSION" \
+    -p:WebCommit="$WEB_COMMIT" \
+    -p:WebBuildDate="$WEB_BUILD_DATE" \
+    -p:WebRepository="$WEB_REPOSITORY" \
+    --output /out \
+    && mkdir -p /runtime-data
+# Copy the complete upstream bin/ payload; do not curate or enumerate Core files here.
+COPY --from=core-assets /out/bin/ /out/bin/
+
+FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/runtime-deps:10.0 AS runtime
+WORKDIR /app
+COPY --from=publish --chown=10001:10001 /out/ ./
+COPY --from=publish --chown=10001:10001 /runtime-data/ /data/
+ENV ASPNETCORE_URLS=http://0.0.0.0:5080 \
+    V2RAYN_DATA_HOME=/data \
+    DOTNET_BUNDLE_EXTRACT_BASE_DIR=/data/.net-bundle \
+    V2RAYN_WEB_PROXY_PORT=10808 \
+    V2RAYN_WEB_PROXY_LISTEN_ALL=true \
+    V2RAYN_WEB_AUTOSTART=true
+VOLUME ["/data"]
+EXPOSE 5080/tcp 10808/tcp 10808/udp
+USER 10001:10001
+ENTRYPOINT ["/app/v2rayN.WebAPI", "--foreground"]

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Containerfile.dockerignore

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+.git
+.env
+**/.env
+.packages
+**/.packages
+**/.NET
+**/bin
+**/obj
+**/node_modules
+**/dist
+**/publish
+**/.npm-cache
+**/TestResults
+**/guiConfigs
+**/guiLogs
+**/guiTemps
+**/guiBackups
+v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Tests
+v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/core-bin

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Contracts/ApiModels.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,572 @@
+using ServiceLib.Enums;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+
+public sealed record SubscriptionInput(
+    string Remarks,
+    string Url,
+    string? MoreUrl = null,
+    bool? Enabled = null,
+    string? UserAgent = null,
+    string? RequestHeaders = null,
+    string? Filter = null,
+    int? AutoUpdateInterval = null,
+    string? ConvertTarget = null,
+    string? Memo = null,
+    int? Sort = null,
+    string? PrevProfile = null,
+    string? NextProfile = null,
+    int? PreSocksPort = null,
+    ECoreType? CustomCoreType = null);
+
+public sealed record SubscriptionView(
+    string Id,
+    string Remarks,
+    string Url,
+    bool Enabled,
+    string? MoreUrl,
+    string? Filter,
+    int AutoUpdateInterval,
+    long UpdateTime,
+    string UserAgent,
+    string? RequestHeaders,
+    string? ConvertTarget,
+    string? Memo,
+    int Sort,
+    string? PrevProfile,
+    string? NextProfile,
+    int? PreSocksPort,
+    string? CustomCoreType);
+
+public sealed record SubscriptionMutationResult(bool Success, string Code, string MessageKey, SubscriptionView? Data);
+
+public sealed record ProfileView(
+    string IndexId,
+    string Remarks,
+    string Protocol,
+    string Address,
+    int Port,
+    string Network,
+    string StreamSecurity,
+    string? SubscriptionId,
+    string? SubscriptionName,
+    string CoreType,
+    int Sort,
+    int Delay,
+    decimal Speed,
+    string? IpInfo,
+    long TodayUp,
+    long TodayDown,
+    long TotalUp,
+    long TotalDown,
+    bool IsCurrent,
+    bool CanTest);
+
+public sealed record ProfileGroupView(string Id, string Code, string? Name, string? MessageKey, int ProfileCount, bool IsCurrent);
+
+public sealed record ProfileImportRequest(string Content, string? SubscriptionId = null, bool IsSubscription = false);
+
+public sealed record ProfileIdsRequest(string[] ProfileIds);
+
+public sealed record ProfileExportRequest(
+    string[] ProfileIds,
+    bool IncludeShareUris = true,
+    bool Base64ShareUris = false,
+    bool IncludeInnerUri = false,
+    bool IncludeClientConfig = true);
+
+public sealed record MoveProfilesRequest(string[] ProfileIds, string SubscriptionId);
+
+public sealed record SortProfilesRequest(string? SubscriptionId, string Column, bool Ascending);
+
+public sealed record MoveProfileRequest(string ProfileId, EMove Direction, int Position = -1);
+
+public sealed record ProfileGroupSelectionRequest(string? SubscriptionId);
+
+public sealed record SpeedTestRequest(ESpeedActionType Action, string[]? ProfileIds = null);
+
+public sealed record SubscriptionUpdateRequest(string? SubscriptionId = null, bool UseProxy = false);
+
+public sealed record InboundSettingsView(
+    int LocalPort,
+    bool SecondLocalPortEnabled,
+    bool UdpEnabled,
+    bool SniffingEnabled,
+    string[] DestOverride,
+    bool RouteOnly,
+    bool AllowLANConn,
+    bool NewPort4LAN,
+    string? User,
+    string? Pass);
+
+public sealed record CoreSettingsView(
+    bool LogEnabled,
+    string? Loglevel,
+    string? DefFingerprint,
+    string? DefUserAgent,
+    string? SendThrough,
+    string? BindInterface,
+    int? Mux4RayConcurrency,
+    int? Mux4RayXudpConcurrency,
+    string? Mux4RayXudpProxyUDP443,
+    string? Mux4SboxProtocol,
+    bool? Mux4SboxPadding,
+    bool EnableCacheFile4Sbox,
+    int Hy2UpMbps,
+    int Hy2DownMbps,
+    bool EnableFragment,
+    bool EnableFinalFragment,
+    string? FragmentPackets,
+    string[] FragmentLengths,
+    string[] FragmentDelays,
+    string? FragmentMaxSplit);
+
+public sealed record AppSettingsView(
+    bool EnableStatistics,
+    bool DisplayRealTimeSpeed,
+    bool KeepOlderDedupl,
+    int GeoAutoUpdateInterval,
+    string? RootCertProvider,
+    string? GeoSourceUrl,
+    string? SrsSourceUrl,
+    string? RouteRulesTemplateSourceUrl,
+    string? SubConvertUrl);
+
+public sealed record SpeedTestSettingsView(
+    int SpeedTestTimeout,
+    string? SpeedTestUrl,
+    string? SpeedPingTestUrl,
+    int MixedConcurrencyCount,
+    string? IPAPIUrl,
+    string? UdpTestTarget);
+
+public sealed record WebSettingsOptionsView(
+    string[] LogLevels,
+    string[] RootCertProviders,
+    string[] Fingerprints,
+    string[] UserAgents,
+    string[] Mux4SboxProtocols,
+    string[] Mux4RayXudpProxyUDP443Options,
+    string[] FragmentPacketsOptions,
+    string[] DestOverrideProtocols,
+    string[] RoutingBasicDomainStrategies,
+    string[] RoutingBasicDomainStrategies4Singbox,
+    string[] RoutingProfileDomainStrategies,
+    string[] RoutingProfileDomainStrategies4Singbox,
+    int[] MixedConcurrencyCounts,
+    int[] SpeedTestTimeouts,
+    string[] SpeedTestUrls,
+    string[] SpeedPingTestUrls,
+    string[] UdpTestTargets,
+    string[] IPAPIUrls,
+    string[] SubConvertUrls,
+    string[] GeoFilesSources,
+    string[] SingboxRulesetSources,
+    string[] RoutingRulesSources);
+
+public sealed record CoreTypeMapping(EConfigType ConfigType, ECoreType CoreType);
+
+public sealed record WebSettingsView(
+    InboundSettingsView Inbound,
+    CoreSettingsView Core,
+    AppSettingsView App,
+    SpeedTestSettingsView SpeedTest,
+    string? DomainStrategy,
+    string? DomainStrategy4Singbox,
+    IReadOnlyList<CoreTypeMapping> CoreTypes,
+    WebSettingsOptionsView Options,
+    bool ShowIpInfoColumn);
+
+public sealed record InboundSettingsInput(
+    int LocalPort,
+    bool SecondLocalPortEnabled,
+    bool UdpEnabled,
+    bool SniffingEnabled,
+    string[]? DestOverride,
+    bool RouteOnly,
+    bool AllowLANConn,
+    bool NewPort4LAN,
+    string? User,
+    string? Pass);
+
+public sealed record CoreSettingsInput(
+    bool LogEnabled,
+    string? Loglevel,
+    string? DefFingerprint,
+    string? DefUserAgent,
+    string? SendThrough,
+    string? BindInterface,
+    int? Mux4RayConcurrency,
+    int? Mux4RayXudpConcurrency,
+    string? Mux4RayXudpProxyUDP443,
+    string? Mux4SboxProtocol,
+    bool? Mux4SboxPadding,
+    bool EnableCacheFile4Sbox,
+    int Hy2UpMbps,
+    int Hy2DownMbps,
+    bool EnableFragment,
+    bool EnableFinalFragment,
+    string? FragmentPackets,
+    string[]? FragmentLengths,
+    string[]? FragmentDelays,
+    string? FragmentMaxSplit);
+
+public sealed record AppSettingsInput(
+    bool EnableStatistics,
+    bool DisplayRealTimeSpeed,
+    bool KeepOlderDedupl,
+    int GeoAutoUpdateInterval,
+    string? RootCertProvider,
+    string? GeoSourceUrl,
+    string? SrsSourceUrl,
+    string? RouteRulesTemplateSourceUrl,
+    string? SubConvertUrl);
+
+public sealed record SpeedTestSettingsInput(
+    int SpeedTestTimeout,
+    string SpeedTestUrl,
+    string SpeedPingTestUrl,
+    int MixedConcurrencyCount,
+    string IPAPIUrl,
+    string UdpTestTarget);
+
+public sealed record RoutingSettingsInput(string? DomainStrategy, string? DomainStrategy4Singbox);
+
+public sealed record CoreConfigTemplateView(
+    string Id,
+    string Remarks,
+    bool Enabled,
+    ECoreType CoreType,
+    string? Config,
+    string? TunConfig,
+    bool? AddProxyOnly,
+    string? ProxyDetour);
+
+public sealed record CoreConfigTemplateInput(
+    string? Remarks,
+    bool Enabled,
+    string? Config,
+    string? TunConfig,
+    bool? AddProxyOnly,
+    string? ProxyDetour);
+
+public sealed record DnsProfileView(
+    string Id,
+    string Remarks,
+    bool Enabled,
+    ECoreType CoreType,
+    bool UseSystemHosts,
+    string? NormalDNS,
+    string? TunDNS,
+    string? DomainStrategy4Freedom,
+    string? DomainDNSAddress);
+
+public sealed record DnsProfileInput(
+    string? Remarks,
+    bool Enabled,
+    bool UseSystemHosts,
+    string? NormalDNS,
+    string? TunDNS,
+    string? DomainStrategy4Freedom,
+    string? DomainDNSAddress);
+
+public sealed record DnsDefaultProfileView(ECoreType CoreType, string NormalDNS, string TunDNS);
+
+public sealed record DnsEditorOptionsView(
+    string[] CoreTypes,
+    string[] DomainStrategies4Freedom,
+    string[] DomainStrategies4Singbox,
+    string[] DomainDnsAddresses,
+    string[] DirectDnsAddresses,
+    string[] RemoteDnsAddresses,
+    string[] BootstrapDnsAddresses,
+    string[] FakeIpRanges,
+    string[] ExpectedIps);
+
+public sealed record SubscriptionEditorOptionsView(string[] ConvertTargets, string[] CustomCoreTypes);
+
+public sealed record ProfileEditorOptionsView(
+    string[] CoreTypes,
+    string[] ConfigTypes,
+    string[] SingboxOnlyConfigTypes,
+    string[] Networks,
+    string DefaultNetwork,
+    string DefaultStreamSecurity,
+    string DefaultSecurity,
+    string DefaultVlessEncryption,
+    string DefaultXhttpMode,
+    string DefaultGrpcMode,
+    int DefaultWireGuardMtu,
+    string[] RawHeaderTypes,
+    string[] XhttpModes,
+    string[] KcpHeaderTypes,
+    string[] GrpcModes,
+    string[] VmessSecurities,
+    string[] Flows,
+    string[] TuicCongestionControls,
+    string[] NaiveCongestionControls,
+    string[] Fingerprints,
+    string[] Alpns,
+    IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string[]> ShadowsocksSecurities,
+    string[] StreamSecurityTypes,
+    string[] MultipleLoadStrategies);
+
+public sealed record WebEditorOptionsView(
+    SubscriptionEditorOptionsView Subscriptions,
+    ProfileEditorOptionsView Profiles,
+    DnsEditorOptionsView Dns);
+
+public sealed record RouteRulesImportInput(string Content, bool Append = false);
+
+public sealed record RouteRulesUrlImportInput(bool Append = false);
+
+public sealed record ProfileExportItem(string IndexId, string Remarks, string Format, string Content);
+
+public sealed record TrafficView(long ProxyUp, long ProxyDown, long DirectUp, long DirectDown);
+
+public sealed record CoreUpdateCheckView(bool UpdateAvailable, string? Version, bool IsUpToDate = false, string? Detail = null);
+
+public sealed record CoreUpdateTargetView(
+    string CoreType,
+    string NameKey,
+    bool IsSupported,
+    bool CanInstall,
+    bool SupportsPreRelease,
+    bool Selected,
+    string? UnsupportedReasonKey);
+
+public sealed record CoreUpdateSettingsView(
+    IReadOnlyList<CoreUpdateTargetView> Targets,
+    bool GeoFilesSelected,
+    bool PreRelease,
+    bool UseProxy,
+    IReadOnlyList<string>? CheckPreReleaseCoreTypes = null);
+
+public sealed record CoreUpdateSettingsInput(
+    string[] SelectedCoreTypes,
+    bool PreRelease,
+    bool UseProxy,
+    string[]? CheckPreReleaseCoreTypes = null);
+
+public sealed record CoreUpdateBatchInput(bool Apply);
+
+public sealed record CoreUpdateProgressView(
+    string CoreType,
+    string Phase,
+    bool IsComplete,
+    bool Success,
+    bool CoreWasRunning,
+    string? Version,
+    string? Detail,
+    bool Batch = false,
+    bool? RollbackSucceeded = null);
+
+public sealed record WebUpdateTargetView(
+    string Name,
+    string Version,
+    string Commit,
+    string BuildDate,
+    string Rid,
+    string Deployment,
+    bool IsSupported,
+    bool CanCheck,
+    bool CanInstall,
+    bool Selected,
+    string? InstallReasonKey,
+    string? LatestVersion = null);
+
+public sealed record WebUpdateCheckView(
+    bool UpdateAvailable,
+    string CurrentVersion,
+    string CurrentCommit,
+    string Rid,
+    string? LatestVersion,
+    string? LatestCommit,
+    bool CanInstall,
+    string? InstallReasonKey,
+    string? Detail = null);
+
+public sealed record WebDavSettingsView(string? Url, string? UserName, string? DirName, bool HasPassword);
+
+public sealed record WebDavSettingsInput(string? Url, string? UserName, string? Password, string? DirName);
+
+public sealed record RouteRulesMoveRequest(string RuleId, EMove Direction, int Position = -1);
+
+public sealed record CoreTypeMappingsInput(IReadOnlyList<CoreTypeMapping> Mappings);
+
+public sealed record SettingsApplyInput(
+    InboundSettingsInput Inbound,
+    CoreSettingsInput Core,
+    AppSettingsInput Application,
+    SpeedTestSettingsInput SpeedTest,
+    IReadOnlyList<CoreTypeMapping> CoreTypes,
+    string? DomainStrategy,
+    string? DomainStrategy4Singbox);
+
+public sealed record ApiEnvelope<T>(bool Success, string Code, string MessageKey, T? Data)
+{
+    public static ApiEnvelope<T> Ok(T? data, string messageKey = ApiMessageKeys.CommonLoaded) => new(true, "ok", messageKey, data);
+
+    public static ApiEnvelope<T> Fail(string code, string messageKey, T? data = default) => new(false, code, messageKey, data);
+}
+
+public sealed record OperationView(bool Success, string Code, string MessageKey, object? Data = null)
+{
+    public static OperationView Ok(string messageKey, object? data = null) => new(true, "ok", messageKey, data);
+
+    public static OperationView Fail(string code, string messageKey, object? data = null) => new(false, code, messageKey, data);
+}
+
+public static class ApiMessageKeys
+{
+    public const string CommonLoaded = "common.loaded";
+    public const string CommonCompleted = "common.completed";
+    public const string CommonSaved = "common.saved";
+    public const string CommonDeleted = "common.deleted";
+    public const string CommonNotFound = "errors.notFound";
+    public const string CommonInvalidInput = "errors.invalidInput";
+    public const string CommonUnauthorized = "errors.unauthorized";
+    public const string CommonInternal = "errors.internal";
+    public const string CommonRouteNotFound = "errors.routeNotFound";
+    public const string CommonCoreRestartRequired = "settings.savedRestartRequired";
+    public const string CoreStarted = "core.started";
+    public const string CoreStopped = "core.stopped";
+    public const string CoreRestarted = "core.restarted";
+    public const string CoreStartFailed = "core.startFailed";
+    public const string CoreStopFailed = "core.stopFailed";
+    public const string CoreNotRunning = "core.notRunning";
+    public const string CoreRuntimeBusy = "core.runtimeBusy";
+    public const string WebUpdateCheckFailed = "maintenance.webUpdateCheckFailed";
+    public const string CoreBinaryMissing = "core.binaryMissing";
+    public const string CorePortInUse = "core.portInUse";
+    public const string CoreTunNotSupported = "core.tunNotSupported";
+    public const string CoreUnsupported = "core.unsupported";
+    public const string ProfileNotFound = "profiles.notFound";
+    public const string ProfileDetailLoaded = "profiles.detailLoaded";
+    public const string ProfileNoneSelected = "profiles.noneSelected";
+    public const string ProfileInvalid = "profiles.invalid";
+    public const string ProfileUnsupportedCore = "profiles.unsupportedCore";
+    public const string ProfileSelectRequired = "profiles.selectRequired";
+    public const string ProfileNotInGroup = "profiles.notInGroup";
+    public const string ProfileImported = "profiles.imported";
+    public const string ProfileDeleted = "profiles.deleted";
+    public const string ProfileCopied = "profiles.copied";
+    public const string ProfileMoved = "profiles.moved";
+    public const string ProfileOrderSaved = "profiles.orderSaved";
+    public const string ProfileDeduplicated = "profiles.deduplicated";
+    public const string ProfileInvalidRemoved = "profiles.invalidRemoved";
+    public const string ProfileGrouped = "profiles.grouped";
+    public const string ProfileSaved = "profiles.saved";
+    public const string ProfileSaveFailed = "profiles.saveFailed";
+    public const string SubscriptionNotFound = "subscriptions.notFound";
+    public const string SubscriptionAdded = "subscriptions.added";
+    public const string SubscriptionSaved = "subscriptions.saved";
+    public const string SubscriptionDeleted = "subscriptions.deleted";
+    public const string SubscriptionUpdateStarted = "subscriptions.updateStarted";
+    public const string SubscriptionUpdateBusy = "subscriptions.updateBusy";
+    public const string SubscriptionInvalidUrl = "subscriptions.invalidUrl";
+    public const string SubscriptionNameRequired = "subscriptions.nameRequired";
+    public const string SubscriptionSaveFailed = "subscriptions.saveFailed";
+    public const string SpeedTestStarted = "speedtest.started";
+    public const string SpeedTestBusy = "speedtest.busy";
+    public const string SpeedTestUnsupportedCore = "speedtest.unsupportedCore";
+    public const string SpeedTestSelectRequired = "speedtest.selectRequired";
+    public const string SpeedTestInvalidProfile = "speedtest.invalidProfile";
+    public const string SpeedTestSettingsSaved = "speedtest.settingsSaved";
+    public const string SpeedTestResult = "speedtest.result";
+    public const string SettingsInvalidPort = "settings.invalidPort";
+    public const string SettingsInvalidCoreLogLevel = "settings.invalidCoreLogLevel";
+    public const string SettingsInvalidCoreValue = "settings.invalidCoreValue";
+    public const string SettingsInvalidFragment = "settings.invalidFragment";
+    public const string SettingsInvalidSpeedTest = "settings.invalidSpeedTest";
+    public const string SettingsCoreApplyFailed = "settings.coreApplyFailed";
+    public const string SettingsInvalidRoutingStrategy = "settings.invalidRoutingStrategy";
+    public const string DnsProfileNotFound = "dns.profileNotFound";
+    public const string DnsSaveFailed = "dns.saveFailed";
+    public const string RoutingNameRequired = "routing.nameRequired";
+    public const string RoutingProfileNotFound = "routing.profileNotFound";
+    public const string RoutingRulesInvalid = "routing.rulesInvalid";
+    public const string RoutingRuleNotFound = "routing.ruleNotFound";
+    public const string RoutingSaveFailed = "routing.saveFailed";
+    public const string RegionalPresetInvalid = "settings.invalidRegionalPreset";
+    public const string RegionalPresetFailed = "settings.regionalPresetFailed";
+    public const string XrayUpdateCheckFailed = "core.updateCheckFailed";
+    public const string XrayUpdateStarted = "core.updateStarted";
+    public const string XrayUpdateBusy = "core.updateBusy";
+    public const string XrayUpdateFailed = "core.updateFailed";
+    public const string XrayUpdateCompleted = "core.updateCompleted";
+    public const string XrayUpdateAvailable = "core.updateAvailable";
+    public const string XrayUpdateCurrent = "core.updateCurrent";
+    public const string CoreUpdateCheckFailed = "maintenance.updateCheckFailed";
+    public const string CoreUpdateStarted = "maintenance.updateStarted";
+    public const string CoreUpdateBatchStarted = "maintenance.batchStarted";
+    public const string CoreUpdateBusy = "maintenance.updateBusy";
+    public const string CoreUpdateFailed = "maintenance.updateFailed";
+    public const string CoreUpdateCompleted = "maintenance.updateCompleted";
+    public const string CoreUpdateSettingsSaved = "maintenance.updateSettingsSaved";
+    public const string CoreUpdateUnsupported = "maintenance.updateUnsupported";
+    public const string CoreUpdateAvailable = "maintenance.updateAvailableGeneric";
+    public const string CoreUpdateCurrent = "maintenance.upToDateGeneric";
+    public const string GeoUpdateStarted = "updates.geoStarted";
+    public const string GeoUpdateBusy = "updates.geoBusy";
+    public const string GeoUpdateProgress = "updates.geoProgress";
+    public const string GeoUpdateNotSelected = "maintenance.geoNotSelected";
+    public const string SubscriptionUpdateProgress = "subscriptions.updateProgress";
+    public const string ProfilesAllGroup = "profiles.allGroup";
+    public const string BackupCreated = "backup.created";
+    public const string BackupRestoreStarted = "backup.restoreStarted";
+    public const string BackupRestoreFailed = "backup.restoreFailed";
+    public const string BackupRestoreProbeUnavailable = "backup.restoreProbeUnavailable";
+    public const string BackupRestoreSetSidUnavailable = "backup.restoreSetSidUnavailable";
+    public const string BackupRestoreExecutableUnavailable = "backup.restoreExecutableUnavailable";
+    public const string BackupArchiveInvalid = "backup.archiveInvalid";
+    public const string BackupDatabaseIncompatible = "backup.databaseIncompatible";
+    public const string WebDavSettingsSaved = "backup.webdavSettingsSaved";
+    public const string WebDavCheckSucceeded = "backup.webdavCheckSucceeded";
+    public const string WebDavCheckFailed = "backup.webdavCheckFailed";
+    public const string WebDavBackupSucceeded = "backup.webdavBackupSucceeded";
+    public const string WebDavRestoreFailed = "backup.webdavRestoreFailed";
+}
+
+public sealed record ListenerView(
+    string Name,
+    string[] Protocols,
+    string ListenAddress,
+    int Port,
+    bool Listening);
+
+public sealed record StatusView(
+    bool CoreRunning,
+    string? CoreType,
+    string? CurrentProfileId,
+    string? CurrentProfileName,
+    DateTimeOffset? CoreStartedAt,
+    ListenerView[] Listeners,
+    bool XrayAvailable,
+    string Runtime,
+    int ProfileCount,
+    int SubscriptionCount,
+    DateTimeOffset CheckedAt,
+    bool StatisticsEnabled,
+    TrafficView? Traffic,
+    string RuntimeState = "stopped",
+    int? ConfiguredProxyPort = null,
+    int? RunningProxyPort = null,
+    string? RunningProfileId = null,
+    string? RunningProfileName = null,
+    int? ApiPort = null,
+    int[]? CoreProcessIds = null,
+    string? RuntimeFailure = null,
+    string? WebVersion = null,
+    string? GitCommit = null,
+    string? RuntimeIdentifier = null,
+    string? WebBuildDate = null,
+    bool SniffingEnabled = false,
+    string[]? DestOverride = null,
+    string[]? Capabilities = null);
+
+public sealed record LogView(DateTimeOffset Timestamp, string Source, string Message, long Generation = 0);
+
+public sealed record LogPageView(IReadOnlyList<LogView> Items, int Page, int PageSize, int Total, int TotalPages);
+
+public sealed record WebEvent(string Type, object? Data, DateTimeOffset Timestamp);

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Contracts/WebApiCapabilities.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+
+public static class WebApiCapabilities
+{
+    public static string[] Current =>
+    [
+        "auth.sessions",
+        "events.sse",
+        "editor.options",
+        "profiles",
+        "subscriptions",
+        "routing",
+        "dns",
+        "settings",
+        "backup.restore",
+        "core.runtime",
+        "core.updates",
+        "WebAPI.self-update",
+    ];
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Deploy/Systemd/v2rayn-web.env.example

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY=

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Deploy/Systemd/v2rayn-web.service

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=v2rayN Web API
+Wants=network-online.target
+After=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+User=v2rayn
+Group=v2rayn
+WorkingDirectory=/opt/v2rayn-web
+ExecStart=/opt/v2rayn-web/v2rayN.WebAPI --foreground
+EnvironmentFile=/etc/v2rayn-web.env
+Environment=ASPNETCORE_URLS=http://0.0.0.0:5080
+Environment=V2RAYN_WEB_AUTOSTART=true
+Environment=V2RAYN_DATA_HOME=/var/lib/v2rayn-web
+Environment=DOTNET_BUNDLE_EXTRACT_BASE_DIR=/var/lib/v2rayn-web/.net-bundle
+StateDirectory=v2rayn-web
+StateDirectoryMode=0750
+UMask=0077
+Restart=always
+RestartSec=3
+KillSignal=SIGTERM
+SendSIGKILL=no
+TimeoutStopSec=30s
+NoNewPrivileges=true
+PrivateTmp=true
+ProtectSystem=strict
+ProtectHome=true
+ReadWritePaths=/var/lib/v2rayn-web
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/FEATURE-MAP.md

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# v2rayN.WebAPI feature map
+
+The API uses existing public ServiceLib capabilities without changing desktop or Core behavior.
+API scheduling and cancellation live in `V2rayRuntime.Scheduling.cs`; the desktop `TaskManager`
+is not registered. `RuntimeMutationGate` serializes API-side writes to configuration and SQLite.
+
+## ServiceLib → WebAPI capabilities
+
+| Capability | Existing ServiceLib capability | WebAPI |
+|---|---|---|
+| Runtime status and operations | `MainWindowViewModel`; `StatusBarViewModel`; `CoreManager` | `GET /api/status`; `GET /api/operations` |
+| Subscription groups and current group | `AppManager.SubItems`; `Config.SubIndexId`; `ProfilesViewModel.RefreshSubscriptions` | `GET /api/profile-groups`; `PUT /api/profile-groups/current` |
+| Profiles and filtering | `AppManager.ProfileModels/ProfileItems`; `ProfileExManager`; `StatisticsManager`; `Utils.IsRegexMatch` | `GET /api/profiles?subscriptionId=&filter=`; filtering uses ServiceLib's regex guard |
+| Current profile and Core lifecycle | `ConfigHandler.SetDefaultServerIndex`; `CoreConfigContextBuilder.BuildAll`; `CoreManager.LoadCore` | `POST /api/profiles/{id}/select`; `POST /api/core/start`, `/stop`, `/restart` |
+| Add/edit profiles and group profiles | `ConfigHandler.AddServer/AddServerCommon`; protocol-specific `Add*Server`; `ProfileItem.IsValid`; `GroupProfileManager` | `GET /api/profiles/{id}`; `POST /api/profiles`; `PUT /api/profiles/{id}` |
+| Import profiles and custom configuration | `ConfigHandler.AddBatchServers`; `FmtHandler.ResolveConfig`; custom-config parsers | `POST /api/profiles/import` |
+| Remove/copy profiles | `ConfigHandler.RemoveServers/CopyServer` | `DELETE /api/profiles`; `POST /api/profiles/copy` |
+| Deduplicate and remove failed test results | `ConfigHandler.DedupServerList/RemoveInvalidServerResult` | `POST /api/profiles/deduplicate`; `DELETE /api/profiles/invalid-test-results` |
+| Move/reorder profiles | `ConfigHandler.MoveToGroup/MoveServer`; `ProfileExManager.SetSort` | `POST /api/profiles/move-to-group`; `POST /api/profiles/move` |
+| Sort profiles | `ConfigHandler.SortServers`; `EServerColName` | `POST /api/profiles/sort` |
+| Latency, UDP and speed tests | `SpeedtestService.RunLoop/ExitLoop`; `ESpeedActionType` | `POST /api/profiles/{id}/latency`; `POST/DELETE /api/speedtests`; progress/results through SSE |
+| Share/export profiles and Core configuration | `FmtHandler.GetShareUri`; `InnerFmt.ToUri`; `CoreConfigContextBuilder.Build`; `CoreConfigHandler.GenerateClientConfig` | `POST /api/profiles/export` |
+| Generate all-node/regional groups | `ConfigHandler.AddGroupAllServer/AddGroupRegionServer` | `POST /api/profile-groups/generate/all`; `POST /api/profile-groups/generate/regions` |
+| Manage/share subscriptions | `SubItem`; `ConfigHandler.AddSubItem/DeleteSubItem`; `SubSettingViewModel` | `GET/POST/PUT/DELETE /api/subscriptions`; `GET /api/subscriptions/{id}/share` |
+| Update subscriptions | `SubscriptionHandler.UpdateProcess` | `POST /api/subscriptions/update`; group/proxy options; progress through `GET /api/operations` and SSE |
+| Scheduled subscription updates | `SubItem.AutoUpdateInterval/UpdateTime`; `SubscriptionHandler.UpdateProcess` | `V2rayRuntime.Scheduling.RunScheduledSubscriptionUpdatesAsync` checks intervals and starts API-owned background tasks |
+| Core/GeoFiles updates | `CoreInfoManager`; `UpdateService`; `CoreManager` | `GET/POST /api/core-updates/{coreType}/check`, `/update`; `POST /api/core-updates/batch`; `POST /api/core/geo/update`; GeoFiles backup/verify/rollback |
+| API self-update (separate from Desktop) | API-owned release manifest, package validation and native helper | `GET /api/web-updates`; `GET /api/web-updates/check`; `POST /api/web-updates/update`; protected systemd/container deployments are check-only |
+| Inbound listeners | `Config.Inbound`; `StatusBarViewModel.InboundDisplayStatus`; `AppManager.GetLocalPort` | `GET /api/status`; `GET/PUT /api/settings/inbound` |
+| Traffic/statistics | `StatisticsManager`; `ServerStatItem`; `ServerSpeedItem` | Profile byte counters; `GET /api/status`; SSE `traffic`; `DELETE /api/statistics` |
+| Logs | `MsgViewModel`; `AppEvents.SendMsgViewRequested`; `CoreManager` callback | `GET/DELETE /api/logs`; `GET /api/logs/page?page=&pageSize=&filter=`; `/api/events` log/state/progress events |
+| General settings | `OptionSettingViewModel`; `Config`; `ConfigHandler.SaveConfig` | `GET /api/settings`; atomic `PUT /api/settings/apply`; section settings APIs |
+| Routing profiles | `AppManager.RoutingItems`; `ConfigHandler.SaveRoutingItem/RemoveRoutingItem/SetDefaultRouting/InitRouting` | `GET/POST/PUT/DELETE /api/settings/routing-profiles`; `/activate`; `/import`; `PUT /api/settings/routing` |
+| Routing rules | `RoutingItem.RuleSet`; `RulesItem`; `ConfigHandler.AddBatchRoutingRules/MoveRoutingRule` | `GET/PUT /api/settings/routing-profiles/{id}/rules`; `/rules/import`; `/rules/move`; `/rules/{ruleId}` |
+| Simple/per-Core DNS | `Config.SimpleDNSItem`; `DNSItem`; `ConfigHandler.SaveDNSItems/GetExternalDNSItem` | `GET/PUT /api/settings/dns/simple`; `GET/PUT /api/settings/dns/profiles` |
+| Core configuration templates | `FullConfigTemplateItem`; `ConfigHandler.SaveFullConfigTemplate` | `GET /api/settings/core-templates`; `PUT /api/settings/core-templates/{coreType}`; stored TUN fields are preserved, not editable |
+| Regional presets | `ConfigHandler.ApplyRegionalPreset/InitRouting` | `POST /api/settings/regional-presets/{preset}` |
+| WebDAV and backup/restore | `WebDavManager`; existing `guiConfigs/` ZIP format; `FileUtils` | `GET/PUT /api/settings/webdav`; `/api/backup/webdav/check`; `/webdav`; `/webdav/restore`; `GET /api/backup/download`; multipart `POST /api/backup/restore` |
+
+Core selection/startup remain delegated to ServiceLib's `CoreInfoManager` and `CoreManager`,
+and require the selected Core executable. Generated speed-test configurations support Xray
+and sing-box; TCPing is available for any profile with a port. Release/container artifacts
+copy the complete architecture-matched official `2dust/v2rayN-core-bin` payload.
+
+## Unsupported desktop capabilities
+
+TUN settings/control, desktop system proxy, Clash Proxies/Connections, tray icons, global
+hotkeys, window placement, desktop startup integration and native dialogs/scanners are outside
+the headless API boundary. Core start/restart/autostart rejects generated TUN configurations
+without changing saved settings. These exclusions are not claims of full desktop parity.
+
+## Response contract
+
+JSON field names and enum/state codes are stable identifiers. Operation/error responses use
+`{ success, code, messageKey, data }`; SSE uses stable event/type codes plus data. User-provided
+names, URLs, remarks and log lines remain data. The API does not render HTML or translate responses.

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Launcher/Locales/en-US.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"launcher":{"started":"v2rayN.WebAPI is running in the background.\nAPI health endpoint: {url}\nThe service is detached from this terminal; Ctrl+C will not stop it.\nStop it with: {command} --stop\nRun in the foreground with: {command} --foreground","alreadyRunningOpening":"v2rayN.WebAPI is already running.\nOpening the API health endpoint: {url}\nStop it with: {command} --stop","alreadyRunning":"v2rayN.WebAPI is already running.\nAPI health endpoint: {url}\nStop it with: {command} --stop","foregroundStarted":"v2rayN.WebAPI is running in the foreground.\nAPI health endpoint: {url}\nPress Ctrl+C to stop the service gracefully.","stopNotRunning":"v2rayN.WebAPI is not running for this data directory.","stopSucceeded":"v2rayN.WebAPI stopped.","stopIdentityUnverified":"Cannot safely stop v2rayN.WebAPI: instance identity could not be verified; no signal was sent.","stopUnprobeable":"Cannot safely stop v2rayN.WebAPI: the configured listeners have no loopback HTTP health endpoint to verify the instance (for example HTTPS-only or an explicit non-loopback address); no signal was sent.","stopSupervisorManaged":"This instance is managed by systemd. Use systemctl stop for its unit; --stop will not compete with the supervisor.","stopCoreStillRunning":"The Web host stopped, but a tracked Core child process is still running. Check the service log before force-stopping it.","stopSignalFailed":"Could not send SIGTERM to v2rayN.WebAPI.","stopTimedOut":"v2rayN.WebAPI received SIGTERM but did not stop within the expected time.","stopTimedOutStage":"Last observed cleanup stage: {stage}.","stopUnsupported":"--stop is supported only on Linux.","startFailed":"v2rayN.WebAPI failed to start; run with --foreground to see details.","startUnprobeable":"v2rayN.WebAPI cannot start in the background: the configured listeners have no loopback HTTP health endpoint to verify the instance (for example HTTPS-only or an explicit non-loopback address). Run with --foreground instead.","existingUnhealthy":"An instance for this data directory is starting but is not ready yet; try again shortly.","instanceInUse":"A v2rayN.WebAPI instance is already using this data directory.","help":"v2rayN.WebAPI - the headless Web API service of v2rayN\n\nUsage: v2rayN.WebAPI [options]\n\nOptions:\n  --foreground        Run in the foreground; Ctrl+C stops it safely and logs stay on the terminal\n  --background        Run in the background, detached from the terminal (Linux default in a terminal)\n  --no-open           Do not open the browser on startup\n  --stop              Stop the instance running for the same data directory (Linux only)\n  --help, -h          Show this help and exit\n\nOther arguments (for example --urls http://0.0.0.0:5080) are passed to the web host.\n\nCommon configuration (environment variables; can live in an .env file next to the executable):\n  V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY          Management Key; required when listening beyond 127.0.0.1\n  ASPNETCORE_URLS             Listen address, default http://127.0.0.1:5080\n  V2RAYN_WEB_ALLOWED_ORIGINS  Allowed cross-origin sources\n  V2RAYN_WEB_AUTOSTART=true   Start the Core together with the web service\n  V2RAYN_WEB_PROXY_PORT       Local proxy port (used by update checks)\n\nDocs: https://github.com/2dust/v2rayN/tree/master/v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI"}}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Launcher/Locales/zh-CN.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"launcher":{"started":"v2rayN.WebAPI 已在后台启动。\nAPI 健康端点：{url}\n服务已脱离当前终端，Ctrl+C 不会停止它。\n停止服务：{command} --stop\n前台运行：{command} --foreground","alreadyRunningOpening":"v2rayN.WebAPI 已在运行。\n正在打开 API 健康端点：{url}\n停止服务：{command} --stop","alreadyRunning":"v2rayN.WebAPI 已在运行。\nAPI 健康端点：{url}\n停止服务：{command} --stop","foregroundStarted":"v2rayN.WebAPI 正在前台运行。\nAPI 健康端点：{url}\n按 Ctrl+C 可安全停止服务。","stopNotRunning":"v2rayN.WebAPI 未在此数据目录运行。","stopSucceeded":"v2rayN.WebAPI 已停止。","stopIdentityUnverified":"无法安全停止 v2rayN.WebAPI：无法确认实例身份，未发送信号。","stopUnprobeable":"无法安全停止 v2rayN.WebAPI：当前监听配置没有可供验证实例身份的回环 HTTP 健康端点（例如仅 HTTPS 或仅绑定非回环地址），未发送信号。","stopSupervisorManaged":"此实例由 systemd 管理，请使用 systemctl stop 停止对应服务；--stop 不会与服务管理器争抢生命周期。","stopCoreStillRunning":"Web 主进程已停止，但检测到 Core 子进程仍在运行。请先检查服务日志，再决定是否强制结束。","stopSignalFailed":"无法向 v2rayN.WebAPI 发送 SIGTERM。","stopTimedOut":"v2rayN.WebAPI 已收到 SIGTERM，但未能在预期时间内停止。","stopTimedOutStage":"最后观察到的清理阶段：{stage}。","stopUnsupported":"--stop 仅支持 Linux。","startFailed":"v2rayN.WebAPI 启动失败；请使用 --foreground 查看详细日志。","startUnprobeable":"v2rayN.WebAPI 无法在后台启动：当前监听配置没有可供验证实例身份的回环 HTTP 健康端点（例如仅 HTTPS 或仅绑定非回环地址）。请改用 --foreground 运行。","existingUnhealthy":"检测到同一数据目录的实例正在启动，但尚未就绪；请稍后重试。","instanceInUse":"同一数据目录下已有 v2rayN.WebAPI 实例正在运行。","help":"v2rayN.WebAPI - v2rayN 的 Web API 服务（无界面）\n\n用法：v2rayN.WebAPI [选项]\n\n选项：\n  --foreground        前台运行；Ctrl+C 可安全停止，日志直接输出到终端\n  --background        后台运行并脱离终端（Linux 终端下的默认行为）\n  --no-open           启动时不自动打开浏览器\n  --stop              停止同一数据目录下正在运行的实例（仅 Linux）\n  --help, -h          显示本帮助并退出\n\n其余参数（例如 --urls http://0.0.0.0:5080）会原样传递给 Web 主机。\n\n常用配置（环境变量，可写入可执行文件同目录的 .env 文件）：\n  V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY          管理密钥；监听非 127.0.0.1 地址时必填\n  ASPNETCORE_URLS             监听地址，默认 http://127.0.0.1:5080\n  V2RAYN_WEB_ALLOWED_ORIGINS  允许跨域的来源列表\n  V2RAYN_WEB_AUTOSTART=true   启动 Web 服务时自动启动 Core\n  V2RAYN_WEB_PROXY_PORT       本地代理端口（供更新检查等使用）\n\n文档：https://github.com/2dust/v2rayN/tree/master/v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI"}}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Launcher/Locales/zh-TW.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"launcher":{"started":"v2rayN.WebAPI 已在背景啟動。\nAPI 健康端點：{url}\n服務已脫離目前終端，Ctrl+C 不會停止它。\n停止服務：{command} --stop\n前台執行：{command} --foreground","alreadyRunningOpening":"v2rayN.WebAPI 已在執行。\n正在開啟 API 健康端點：{url}\n停止服務：{command} --stop","alreadyRunning":"v2rayN.WebAPI 已在執行。\nAPI 健康端點：{url}\n停止服務：{command} --stop","foregroundStarted":"v2rayN.WebAPI 正在前台執行。\nAPI 健康端點：{url}\n按 Ctrl+C 可安全停止服務。","stopNotRunning":"v2rayN.WebAPI 未在此資料目錄執行。","stopSucceeded":"v2rayN.WebAPI 已停止。","stopIdentityUnverified":"無法安全停止 v2rayN.WebAPI：無法確認執行個體身分，未傳送訊號。","stopUnprobeable":"無法安全停止 v2rayN.WebAPI：目前監聽設定沒有可供驗證執行個體身分的回送 HTTP 健康端點（例如僅 HTTPS 或僅繫結非回送位址），未傳送訊號。","stopSupervisorManaged":"此執行個體由 systemd 管理，請使用 systemctl stop 停止對應服務；--stop 不會與服務管理器爭搶生命週期。","stopCoreStillRunning":"Web 主程序已停止，但偵測到 Core 子程序仍在執行。請先檢查服務記錄，再決定是否強制結束。","stopSignalFailed":"無法向 v2rayN.WebAPI 傳送 SIGTERM。","stopTimedOut":"v2rayN.WebAPI 已收到 SIGTERM，但未能在預期時間內停止。","stopTimedOutStage":"最後觀察到的清理階段：{stage}。","stopUnsupported":"--stop 僅支援 Linux。","startFailed":"v2rayN.WebAPI 啟動失敗；請使用 --foreground 查看詳細記錄。","startUnprobeable":"v2rayN.WebAPI 無法在背景啟動：目前監聽設定沒有可供驗證執行個體身分的回送 HTTP 健康端點（例如僅 HTTPS 或僅繫結非回送位址）。請改用 --foreground 執行。","existingUnhealthy":"偵測到相同資料目錄的執行個體正在啟動，但尚未就緒；請稍後重試。","instanceInUse":"相同資料目錄下已有 v2rayN.WebAPI 執行個體正在執行。","help":"v2rayN.WebAPI - v2rayN 的 Web API 服務（無介面）\n\n用法：v2rayN.WebAPI [選項]\n\n選項：\n  --foreground        前台執行；Ctrl+C 可安全停止，記錄直接輸出到終端\n  --background        背景執行並脫離終端（Linux 終端下的預設行為）\n  --no-open           啟動時不自動開啟瀏覽器\n  --stop              停止同一資料目錄下正在執行的執行個體（僅 Linux）\n  --help, -h          顯示本說明並結束\n\n其餘參數（例如 --urls http://0.0.0.0:5080）會原樣傳遞給 Web 主機。\n\n常用設定（環境變數，可寫入執行檔同目錄的 .env 檔案）：\n  V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY          管理金鑰；監聽非 127.0.0.1 位址時必填\n  ASPNETCORE_URLS             監聽位址，預設 http://127.0.0.1:5080\n  V2RAYN_WEB_ALLOWED_ORIGINS  允許跨來源的來源清單\n  V2RAYN_WEB_AUTOSTART=true   啟動 Web 服務時自動啟動 Core\n  V2RAYN_WEB_PROXY_PORT       本機代理連接埠（供更新檢查等使用）\n\n文件：https://github.com/2dust/v2rayN/tree/master/v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI"}}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Launcher/NativeWebRestorePreflight.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Launcher;
+
+public sealed record NativeWebRestoreReplacement(
+    Uri HealthUri,
+    WebReplacementCommand Command,
+    bool CoreWasRunning);
+
+public sealed record NativeWebRestorePreflightResult(
+    bool Allowed,
+    WebLifecycleOwner Owner,
+    NativeWebRestoreReplacement? Replacement,
+    string? FailureCode = null,
+    string? MessageKey = null)
+{
+    public OperationView ToFailureOperation()
+    {
+        if (Allowed || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(FailureCode) || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(MessageKey))
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("A successful native restore preflight has no failure response.");
+        }
+
+        return OperationView.Fail(FailureCode, MessageKey);
+    }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Resolves everything needed to safely restart a native restore before Core or config state
+/// is touched. Supervised deployments deliberately leave restart ownership to their supervisor.
+/// </summary>
+public static class NativeWebRestorePreflight
+{
+    public static NativeWebRestorePreflightResult Evaluate(
+        IConfiguration configuration,
+        bool isLinux,
+        bool isWindows,
+        bool externalSupervisor,
+        bool containerEnvironment,
+        string? setsidPath,
+        string? processPath,
+        string? managedEntryPoint,
+        IEnumerable<string> hostArguments,
+        Func<string, bool>? fileExists = null,
+        Func<string, bool>? isUnixExecutable = null,
+        bool coreWasRunning = false)
+    {
+        var lifecycle = WebLifecyclePlanner.Create(
+            WebLifecycleAction.RestoreAndRestart,
+            supportsNativeRestart: isLinux || isWindows,
+            daemonEnvironment: externalSupervisor,
+            containerEnvironment);
+        if (lifecycle.Owner != WebLifecycleOwner.NativeProcess)
+        {
+            return new(true, lifecycle.Owner, null);
+        }
+
+        if (!WebProbeUriResolver.TryResolve(configuration, out var endpoints))
+        {
+            return Refused(
+                WebLifecycleOwner.NativeProcess,
+                "backup_restore_health_probe_unavailable",
+                ApiMessageKeys.BackupRestoreProbeUnavailable);
+        }
+
+        var exists = fileExists ?? File.Exists;
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(processPath) || !exists(processPath))
+        {
+            return Refused(
+                WebLifecycleOwner.NativeProcess,
+                "backup_restore_executable_unavailable",
+                ApiMessageKeys.BackupRestoreExecutableUnavailable);
+        }
+
+        var isDotnet = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(processPath)
+            .Equals("dotnet", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        if (isDotnet
+            && (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(managedEntryPoint)
+                || !managedEntryPoint.EndsWith(".dll", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                || !exists(managedEntryPoint)))
+        {
+            return Refused(
+                WebLifecycleOwner.NativeProcess,
+                "backup_restore_executable_unavailable",
+                ApiMessageKeys.BackupRestoreExecutableUnavailable);
+        }
+
+        if (isLinux)
+        {
+            var executable = isUnixExecutable ?? IsUnixExecutable;
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(setsidPath)
+                || !exists(setsidPath)
+                || !executable(setsidPath))
+            {
+                return Refused(
+                    WebLifecycleOwner.NativeProcess,
+                    "backup_restore_setsid_unavailable",
+                    ApiMessageKeys.BackupRestoreSetSidUnavailable);
+            }
+        }
+
+        WebReplacementCommand? command;
+        try
+        {
+            command = WebReplacementCommand.CreateNative(
+                isLinux,
+                isWindows,
+                setsidPath,
+                processPath,
+                managedEntryPoint,
+                hostArguments);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is ArgumentException or IOException or NotSupportedException)
+        {
+            command = null;
+        }
+
+        if (command is null)
+        {
+            return Refused(
+                WebLifecycleOwner.NativeProcess,
+                "backup_restore_executable_unavailable",
+                ApiMessageKeys.BackupRestoreExecutableUnavailable);
+        }
+
+        return new(true, WebLifecycleOwner.NativeProcess,
+            new NativeWebRestoreReplacement(endpoints.HealthUri, command, coreWasRunning));
+    }
+
+    private static NativeWebRestorePreflightResult Refused(
+        WebLifecycleOwner owner,
+        string code,
+        string messageKey) => new(false, owner, null, code, messageKey);
+
+    private static bool IsUnixExecutable(string path)
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            const UnixFileMode executeBits = UnixFileMode.UserExecute
+                | UnixFileMode.GroupExecute
+                | UnixFileMode.OtherExecute;
+            return (File.GetUnixFileMode(path) & executeBits) != 0;
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException or PlatformNotSupportedException)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Launcher/NativeWebUpdateHelper.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,824 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using ServiceLib.Common;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Launcher;
+
+internal sealed record NativeWebUpdatePlan(
+    string InstallDirectory,
+    string CandidateDirectory,
+    string BackupDirectory,
+    string InstanceLockPath,
+    string HealthUri,
+    string[] HostArguments,
+    string ExpectedVersion,
+    string ExpectedCommit,
+    string Rid,
+    string PreviousVersion,
+    string RuntimeIntentPath,
+    string ProgressPath,
+    bool CoreWasRunning = false);
+
+internal sealed record WebUpdateProgressState(
+    string Phase,
+    bool IsComplete,
+    bool Success,
+    string? Version,
+    string? Detail,
+    bool? RollbackSucceeded = null,
+    bool CoreWasRunning = false);
+
+internal static class NativeWebUpdateHelper
+{
+    private static readonly TimeSpan OwnerReleaseTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(45);
+    private static readonly TimeSpan HealthTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(60);
+    private static readonly TimeSpan PollInterval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(200);
+    private static readonly TimeSpan FileReplaceRetryWindow = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15);
+    private static readonly TimeSpan FileReplaceRetryDelay = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(250);
+    private const string IsolatedHelperPrefix = ".v2rayn-WebAPI-update-helper-";
+
+    public static async Task<int> RunAsync(string planPath)
+    {
+        var executable = Environment.ProcessPath;
+        try
+        {
+            return await RunCoreAsync(planPath);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            ScheduleWindowsHelperCleanup(executable);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<int> RunCoreAsync(string planPath)
+    {
+        NativeWebUpdatePlan? plan = null;
+        try
+        {
+            plan = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<NativeWebUpdatePlan>(await File.ReadAllTextAsync(planPath), JsonOptions);
+            ValidatePlan(plan);
+            if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux() && Path.GetFileName(Environment.ProcessPath) == "v2rayN.WebAPI")
+            {
+                return RunFromIsolatedBundle(planPath, Environment.ProcessPath!);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException or JsonException or InvalidDataException or ArgumentException or InvalidOperationException or System.ComponentModel.Win32Exception)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"Could not prepare the native Web update: {exception.Message}");
+            var previousRestarted = false;
+            if (plan is not null && CanRestartPreviousWithoutApplying(plan))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    WriteProgress(plan, new WebUpdateProgressState("rolling-back", false, false, plan.ExpectedVersion,
+                        "The update could not be prepared; restarting the unchanged application."));
+                    using var oldProcess = StartWebInstance(plan);
+                    previousRestarted = await WaitForExpectedHealthAsync(plan, oldProcess, plan.PreviousVersion, HealthTimeout);
+                    if (!previousRestarted) StopOwnedProcess(oldProcess, plan.InstanceLockPath);
+                    if (previousRestarted) DeleteRuntimeIntent(plan.RuntimeIntentPath);
+                }
+                catch (Exception restartException)
+                {
+                    Console.Error.WriteLine($"Could not restart the unchanged Web application: {restartException.Message}");
+                }
+                WriteProgress(plan, new WebUpdateProgressState("failed", true, false, plan.ExpectedVersion,
+                    previousRestarted
+                        ? $"The update could not be prepared ({exception.Message}); the unchanged Web build is healthy."
+                        : $"The update could not be prepared ({exception.Message}); the unchanged Web build could not be verified.",
+                    previousRestarted));
+            }
+            TryDeleteFile(planPath);
+            return previousRestarted ? 1 : 2;
+        }
+
+        Process? windowsOwnerProcess;
+        try
+        {
+            windowsOwnerProcess = CaptureWindowsOwnerProcess(plan!);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is InvalidDataException or IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"Could not identify the previous Windows Web process: {exception.Message}");
+            DeleteRuntimeIntent(plan!.RuntimeIntentPath);
+            TryDeleteDirectory(plan.CandidateDirectory);
+            WriteProgress(plan, new WebUpdateProgressState("failed", true, false, plan.ExpectedVersion,
+                "The previous Windows Web process could not be identified; the installed application was not modified."));
+            TryDeleteFile(planPath);
+            return 1;
+        }
+        using var ownedWindowsProcess = windowsOwnerProcess;
+        WriteProgress(plan!, new WebUpdateProgressState("waiting", false, false, plan!.ExpectedVersion,
+            "Waiting for the previous Web instance to stop gracefully."));
+        if (!await WaitForLockReleaseAsync(plan.InstanceLockPath, OwnerReleaseTimeout))
+        {
+            DeleteRuntimeIntent(plan.RuntimeIntentPath);
+            TryDeleteDirectory(plan.CandidateDirectory);
+            WriteProgress(plan, new WebUpdateProgressState("failed", true, false, plan.ExpectedVersion,
+                "The previous Web instance did not release its instance lock; the old application was not modified.", false));
+            TryDeleteFile(planPath);
+            return 1;
+        }
+        if (windowsOwnerProcess is not null
+            && !await WaitForProcessExitAsync(windowsOwnerProcess, OwnerReleaseTimeout))
+        {
+            DeleteRuntimeIntent(plan.RuntimeIntentPath);
+            TryDeleteDirectory(plan.CandidateDirectory);
+            WriteProgress(plan, new WebUpdateProgressState("failed", true, false, plan.ExpectedVersion,
+                "The previous Windows Web process did not exit after releasing its instance lock; the old application was not modified.", false));
+            TryDeleteFile(planPath);
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        var backupCreated = false;
+        Process? replacementProcess = null;
+        try
+        {
+            WriteProgress(plan, new WebUpdateProgressState("installing", false, false, plan.ExpectedVersion, null));
+            CopyCurrentAppToBackup(plan);
+            backupCreated = true;
+            var transaction = await NativeWebUpdateWorkflow.ApplyAsync(
+                () =>
+                {
+                    SwapCandidateAppIntoPlace(plan);
+                    return Task.CompletedTask;
+                },
+                async () =>
+                {
+                    replacementProcess = StartWebInstance(plan);
+                    var healthy = await WaitForExpectedHealthAsync(plan, replacementProcess, plan.ExpectedVersion, HealthTimeout);
+                    if (!healthy) StopOwnedProcess(replacementProcess, plan.InstanceLockPath);
+                    return healthy;
+                },
+                () =>
+                {
+                    StopOwnedProcess(replacementProcess, plan.InstanceLockPath);
+                    RestorePreviousApp(plan);
+                    return Task.CompletedTask;
+                },
+                async () =>
+                {
+                    replacementProcess = StartWebInstance(plan);
+                    var healthy = await WaitForExpectedHealthAsync(plan, replacementProcess, plan.PreviousVersion, HealthTimeout);
+                    if (!healthy) StopOwnedProcess(replacementProcess, plan.InstanceLockPath);
+                    return healthy;
+                },
+                phase => WriteProgress(plan, new WebUpdateProgressState(phase, false, false, plan.ExpectedVersion, null)),
+                () =>
+                {
+                    TryDeleteDirectory(plan.BackupDirectory);
+                    TryDeleteDirectory(plan.CandidateDirectory);
+                    return Task.CompletedTask;
+                });
+
+            if (transaction.Success || transaction.RollbackSucceeded)
+                DeleteRuntimeIntent(plan.RuntimeIntentPath);
+            WriteProgress(plan, new WebUpdateProgressState(
+                transaction.Success ? "completed" : "failed",
+                true,
+                transaction.Success,
+                plan.ExpectedVersion,
+                transaction.Success
+                    ? "The new v2rayN.WebAPI build is healthy."
+                    : transaction.RollbackSucceeded
+                        ? transaction.Detail
+                        : $"{transaction.Detail} Previous application backup retained at {plan.BackupDirectory}.",
+                transaction.RollbackSucceeded));
+            return transaction.Success ? 0 : transaction.RollbackSucceeded ? 1 : 2;
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"Native Web update failed: {exception}");
+            StopOwnedProcess(replacementProcess, plan.InstanceLockPath);
+            var rollbackSucceeded = false;
+            if (backupCreated)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    RestorePreviousApp(plan);
+                    var restoredProcess = StartWebInstance(plan);
+                    rollbackSucceeded = await WaitForExpectedHealthAsync(plan, restoredProcess, plan.PreviousVersion, HealthTimeout);
+                    if (rollbackSucceeded)
+                    {
+                        DeleteRuntimeIntent(plan.RuntimeIntentPath);
+                        TryDeleteDirectory(plan.BackupDirectory);
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (Exception rollbackException)
+                {
+                    Console.Error.WriteLine($"Native Web update rollback failed: {rollbackException}");
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var restoredProcess = StartWebInstance(plan);
+                    rollbackSucceeded = await WaitForExpectedHealthAsync(plan, restoredProcess, plan.PreviousVersion, HealthTimeout);
+                    if (rollbackSucceeded) DeleteRuntimeIntent(plan.RuntimeIntentPath);
+                }
+                catch (Exception restartException)
+                {
+                    Console.Error.WriteLine($"Could not restart the unchanged Web application: {restartException}");
+                }
+                TryDeleteDirectory(plan.BackupDirectory);
+                TryDeleteDirectory(plan.CandidateDirectory);
+            }
+            WriteProgress(plan, new WebUpdateProgressState("failed", true, false, plan.ExpectedVersion,
+                rollbackSucceeded
+                    ? $"{exception.Message} The previous Web build was restored and is healthy."
+                    : $"{exception.Message} The previous Web build could not be confirmed healthy; backup: {plan.BackupDirectory}.",
+                rollbackSucceeded));
+            return rollbackSucceeded ? 1 : 2;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            replacementProcess?.Dispose();
+            TryDeleteFile(planPath);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int RunFromIsolatedBundle(string planPath, string executable)
+    {
+        var helperPath = CreateIsolatedHelperExecutable(executable);
+        try
+        {
+            // The worker must keep an unchanged executable path for the entire
+            // transaction: the single-file loader resolves assemblies lazily
+            // from that path, even after the application executable is swapped.
+            var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+            {
+                FileName = helperPath,
+                WorkingDirectory = Path.GetDirectoryName(helperPath)!,
+                UseShellExecute = false,
+                CreateNoWindow = true,
+            };
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("--apply-WebAPI-update");
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(planPath);
+            using var worker = Process.Start(startInfo)
+                ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("The isolated native Web update helper could not be started.");
+            worker.WaitForExit();
+            return worker.ExitCode;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            // The outer helper waits for exit before deleting the bundle. The
+            // worker never deletes its own executable while it can still load it.
+            TryDeleteFile(helperPath);
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static string CreateIsolatedHelperExecutable(string executable)
+    {
+        if (new FileInfo(executable).LinkTarget is not null)
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The native update helper cannot be copied from a symlink.");
+        var extension = OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? ".exe" : string.Empty;
+        var helperPath = Path.Combine(Path.GetDirectoryName(Path.GetFullPath(executable))!,
+            $"{IsolatedHelperPrefix}{Guid.NewGuid():N}{extension}");
+        try
+        {
+            File.Copy(executable, helperPath, overwrite: false);
+            if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+                File.SetUnixFileMode(helperPath, UnixFileMode.UserRead | UnixFileMode.UserWrite | UnixFileMode.UserExecute);
+            return helperPath;
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            TryDeleteFile(helperPath);
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static bool IsUpdateHelperExecutableName(string name)
+    {
+        if (name is "v2rayN.WebAPI" or "v2rayN.WebAPI.exe") return true;
+        return IsIsolatedHelperExecutableName(name);
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsIsolatedHelperExecutableName(string name)
+    {
+        var helperName = name.EndsWith(".exe", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ? name[..^4] : name;
+        return helperName.StartsWith(IsolatedHelperPrefix, StringComparison.Ordinal)
+            && Guid.TryParseExact(helperName[IsolatedHelperPrefix.Length..], "N", out _);
+    }
+
+    internal static void ScheduleWindowsHelperCleanup(string? executable)
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows() || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(executable)
+            || !Path.GetFileName(executable).StartsWith(IsolatedHelperPrefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            var powershell = Path.Combine(
+                Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.System),
+                "WindowsPowerShell", "v1.0", "powershell.exe");
+            var escapedPath = Path.GetFullPath(executable).Replace("'", "''", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+            var script = $"$targetPid={Environment.ProcessId};$targetPath='{escapedPath}';"
+                + "for($i=0;$i -lt 600;$i++){if(-not(Get-Process -Id $targetPid -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)){break};Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 100};"
+                + "Remove-Item -LiteralPath $targetPath -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue";
+            var encoded = Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.Unicode.GetBytes(script));
+            var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+            {
+                FileName = powershell,
+                WorkingDirectory = Path.GetTempPath(),
+                UseShellExecute = true,
+                WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden,
+            };
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-NoLogo");
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-NoProfile");
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-NonInteractive");
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-ExecutionPolicy");
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("Bypass");
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add("-EncodedCommand");
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(encoded);
+            Process.Start(startInfo)?.Dispose();
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException
+            or InvalidOperationException or System.ComponentModel.Win32Exception)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"Could not schedule cleanup of the Windows update helper: {exception.Message}");
+            _ = MoveFileEx(Path.GetFullPath(executable), null, MoveFileDelayUntilReboot);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private const int MoveFileDelayUntilReboot = 0x00000004;
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode, SetLastError = true)]
+    private static extern bool MoveFileEx(string existingFileName, string? newFileName, int flags);
+
+    private static void ValidatePlan(NativeWebUpdatePlan? plan)
+    {
+        var isLinux = OperatingSystem.IsLinux();
+        var isWindows = OperatingSystem.IsWindows();
+        var isManagedLinuxService = isLinux && LauncherEnvironment.IsSystemdManagedDeployment();
+        if ((!isLinux && !isWindows) || plan is null
+            || File.Exists("/.dockerenv") || File.Exists("/run/.containerenv")
+            || !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("container"))
+            || !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DOTNET_RUNNING_IN_CONTAINER"))
+            || isManagedLinuxService
+            || !WebUpdatePackageStager.IsValidVersion(plan.ExpectedVersion)
+            || !WebUpdatePackageStager.IsValidVersion(plan.PreviousVersion)
+            || !WebUpdatePackageStager.IsSupportedRid(plan.Rid)
+            || plan.Rid != System.Runtime.InteropServices.RuntimeInformation.RuntimeIdentifier
+            || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(plan.ExpectedCommit)
+            || !WebProbeUriResolver.IsProbeableLoopbackUri(plan.HealthUri))
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The update plan has an unsupported target or identity.");
+        }
+
+        var executable = Environment.ProcessPath
+            ?? throw new InvalidDataException("The update helper process path is unavailable.");
+        var install = Path.GetFullPath(plan.InstallDirectory);
+        var executableName = WebUpdatePackageStager.ExecutableNameForRid(plan.Rid);
+        var processFileName = Path.GetFileName(executable);
+        var pathComparison = isWindows ? StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase : StringComparison.Ordinal;
+        if (!string.Equals(Path.GetFullPath(Path.GetDirectoryName(executable) ?? string.Empty), install, pathComparison)
+            || !IsUpdateHelperExecutableName(processFileName)
+            || (isWindows && !IsIsolatedHelperExecutableName(processFileName))
+            || new FileInfo(executable).LinkTarget is not null)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The update plan does not target this native v2rayN.WebAPI installation.");
+        }
+        var parent = Path.GetDirectoryName(install)
+            ?? throw new InvalidDataException("The installation directory has no parent.");
+        EnsureSiblingDirectory(plan.CandidateDirectory, parent, ".v2rayn-WebAPI-candidate-");
+        EnsureSiblingDirectory(plan.BackupDirectory, parent, ".v2rayn-WebAPI-backup-");
+        if (!Path.IsPathFullyQualified(plan.InstanceLockPath)
+            || !Path.IsPathFullyQualified(plan.RuntimeIntentPath)
+            || !Path.IsPathFullyQualified(plan.ProgressPath)
+            || !string.Equals(Path.GetFullPath(plan.InstanceLockPath),
+                Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(Utils.StartupPath(), "v2rayN.WebAPI.instance.lock")), pathComparison)
+            || !string.Equals(Path.GetFullPath(plan.RuntimeIntentPath),
+                Path.GetFullPath(V2rayRuntime.WebUpdateRuntimeStatePath), pathComparison)
+            || !string.Equals(Path.GetFullPath(plan.ProgressPath),
+                Path.GetFullPath(Utils.GetTempPath("WebAPI-update-progress.json")), pathComparison)
+            || !Directory.Exists(plan.CandidateDirectory)
+            || !File.Exists(Path.Combine(plan.CandidateDirectory, executableName))
+            || !File.Exists(Path.Combine(plan.CandidateDirectory, "v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json")))
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The update plan paths or staged application files are invalid.");
+        }
+        EnsureNoLinks(plan.CandidateDirectory);
+        WebUpdatePackageStager.RequireNativeExecutable(Path.Combine(plan.CandidateDirectory, executableName), plan.Rid);
+        var identity = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<WebUpdatePackageIdentity>(
+            File.ReadAllText(Path.Combine(plan.CandidateDirectory, "v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json")), JsonOptions);
+        if (identity is null || identity.Product != "v2rayN.WebAPI"
+            || identity.Version != plan.ExpectedVersion || identity.Commit != plan.ExpectedCommit
+            || identity.Rid != plan.Rid)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The staged executable identity does not match the verified update plan.");
+        }
+        var writableProbe = Path.Combine(install, $".v2rayn-WebAPI-helper-write-probe-{Guid.NewGuid():N}");
+        using (new FileStream(writableProbe, FileMode.CreateNew, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.None)) { }
+        File.Delete(writableProbe);
+        if (new DirectoryInfo(install).LinkTarget is not null
+            || new FileInfo(Path.Combine(install, executableName)).LinkTarget is not null)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("Self-update is disabled for symlink-managed installations.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool CanRestartPreviousWithoutApplying(NativeWebUpdatePlan plan)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var executable = Environment.ProcessPath;
+            var isLinux = OperatingSystem.IsLinux();
+            var isWindows = OperatingSystem.IsWindows();
+            var pathComparison = isWindows ? StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase : StringComparison.Ordinal;
+            return (isLinux || isWindows)
+                && (!isLinux || !LauncherEnvironment.IsSystemdManagedDeployment())
+                && !File.Exists("/.dockerenv")
+                && !File.Exists("/run/.containerenv")
+                && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("container"))
+                && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DOTNET_RUNNING_IN_CONTAINER"))
+                && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(executable)
+                && IsUpdateHelperExecutableName(Path.GetFileName(executable))
+                && new FileInfo(executable).LinkTarget is null
+                && string.Equals(Path.GetFullPath(Path.GetDirectoryName(executable) ?? string.Empty),
+                    Path.GetFullPath(plan.InstallDirectory), pathComparison)
+                && Path.IsPathFullyQualified(plan.InstanceLockPath)
+                && Path.IsPathFullyQualified(plan.ProgressPath)
+                && Path.IsPathFullyQualified(plan.RuntimeIntentPath)
+                && string.Equals(Path.GetFullPath(plan.InstanceLockPath),
+                    Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(Utils.StartupPath(), "v2rayN.WebAPI.instance.lock")), pathComparison)
+                && string.Equals(Path.GetFullPath(plan.RuntimeIntentPath),
+                    Path.GetFullPath(V2rayRuntime.WebUpdateRuntimeStatePath), pathComparison)
+                && string.Equals(Path.GetFullPath(plan.ProgressPath),
+                    Path.GetFullPath(Utils.GetTempPath("WebAPI-update-progress.json")), pathComparison)
+                && WebProbeUriResolver.IsProbeableLoopbackUri(plan.HealthUri)
+                && WebUpdatePackageStager.IsValidVersion(plan.PreviousVersion)
+                && plan.HostArguments is not null
+                && !plan.HostArguments.Any(argument => argument is "--stop" or "--apply-WebAPI-update" or "--background" or "--background-child");
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is ArgumentException or IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void EnsureSiblingDirectory(string value, string parent, string prefix)
+    {
+        var full = Path.GetFullPath(value);
+        var comparison = OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase : StringComparison.Ordinal;
+        if (!string.Equals(Path.GetDirectoryName(full), parent, comparison)
+            || !Path.GetFileName(full).StartsWith(prefix, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("A staged update directory is outside the installation parent.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Windows can transiently deny replacing a freshly written executable while
+    // antivirus or the search indexer holds it open. Retry for a bounded window so
+    // a transient lock cannot fail the update or its rollback; permanent failures
+    // surface with the operation and cause instead of a bare access-denied code.
+    internal static void WithTransientFileRetry(
+        Action operation,
+        string description,
+        TimeSpan? retryWindow = null,
+        TimeSpan? retryDelay = null)
+    {
+        var window = retryWindow ?? FileReplaceRetryWindow;
+        var delay = retryDelay ?? FileReplaceRetryDelay;
+        var deadline = DateTime.UtcNow + window;
+        while (true)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                operation();
+                return;
+            }
+            catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+            {
+                if (DateTime.UtcNow >= deadline)
+                {
+                    throw new IOException(
+                        $"{description} failed after retrying for {window.TotalSeconds:0.#}s: {exception.Message}",
+                        exception);
+                }
+
+                Thread.Sleep(delay);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static void CopyCurrentAppToBackup(NativeWebUpdatePlan plan)
+    {
+        var executableName = WebUpdatePackageStager.ExecutableNameForRid(plan.Rid);
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(plan.BackupDirectory);
+        if (new FileInfo(Path.Combine(plan.InstallDirectory, executableName)).LinkTarget is not null)
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The installed Web executable is a symlink and cannot be transactionally replaced.");
+        File.Copy(Path.Combine(plan.InstallDirectory, executableName), Path.Combine(plan.BackupDirectory, executableName));
+        var oldIdentity = Path.Combine(plan.InstallDirectory, "v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json");
+        if (File.Exists(oldIdentity))
+        {
+            if (new FileInfo(oldIdentity).LinkTarget is not null)
+                throw new InvalidDataException("The installed Web build identity is a symlink.");
+            File.Copy(oldIdentity, Path.Combine(plan.BackupDirectory, "v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static void SwapCandidateAppIntoPlace(NativeWebUpdatePlan plan)
+    {
+        var install = plan.InstallDirectory;
+        var candidate = plan.CandidateDirectory;
+        var executableName = WebUpdatePackageStager.ExecutableNameForRid(plan.Rid);
+        var installedExecutable = Path.Combine(install, executableName);
+        var installedIdentity = Path.Combine(install, "v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json");
+
+        WithTransientFileRetry(
+            () => File.Move(Path.Combine(candidate, executableName), installedExecutable, overwrite: true),
+            $"Replacing the installed Web executable '{installedExecutable}'");
+        WithTransientFileRetry(
+            () => File.Move(Path.Combine(candidate, "v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json"), installedIdentity, overwrite: true),
+            $"Replacing the installed Web build identity '{installedIdentity}'");
+        SetExecutableMode(installedExecutable);
+    }
+
+    internal static void RestorePreviousApp(NativeWebUpdatePlan plan)
+    {
+        var install = plan.InstallDirectory;
+        var backup = plan.BackupDirectory;
+        var executableName = WebUpdatePackageStager.ExecutableNameForRid(plan.Rid);
+        if (!Directory.Exists(backup)) throw new DirectoryNotFoundException("The previous Web application backup is missing.");
+
+        var previousIdentity = Path.Combine(backup, "v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json");
+        var restoredExecutable = Path.Combine(install, $".v2rayn-WebAPI-restore-{Guid.NewGuid():N}{Path.GetExtension(executableName)}");
+        var restoredIdentity = restoredExecutable + ".build.json";
+        var installedExecutable = Path.Combine(install, executableName);
+        var installedIdentity = Path.Combine(install, "v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json");
+        try
+        {
+            // Never truncate an executable inode: the single-file helper may still
+            // have bundled assemblies mapped from it. Restore by atomic rename,
+            // just like the forward swap, so existing mappings remain unchanged.
+            WithTransientFileRetry(
+                () => File.Copy(Path.Combine(backup, executableName), restoredExecutable),
+                $"Staging the previous Web executable '{restoredExecutable}'");
+            if (File.Exists(previousIdentity))
+            {
+                WithTransientFileRetry(
+                    () => File.Copy(previousIdentity, restoredIdentity),
+                    $"Staging the previous Web build identity '{restoredIdentity}'");
+            }
+
+            SetExecutableMode(restoredExecutable);
+            WithTransientFileRetry(
+                () => File.Move(restoredExecutable, installedExecutable, overwrite: true),
+                $"Restoring the previous Web executable '{installedExecutable}'");
+            if (File.Exists(restoredIdentity))
+            {
+                WithTransientFileRetry(
+                    () => File.Move(restoredIdentity, installedIdentity, overwrite: true),
+                    $"Restoring the previous Web build identity '{installedIdentity}'");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                TryDeleteFile(installedIdentity);
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            TryDeleteFile(restoredExecutable);
+            TryDeleteFile(restoredIdentity);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Process StartWebInstance(NativeWebUpdatePlan plan)
+    {
+        var executable = Path.Combine(plan.InstallDirectory, WebUpdatePackageStager.ExecutableNameForRid(plan.Rid));
+        ProcessStartInfo startInfo;
+        if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+        {
+            var setsid = LinuxXdgBrowserOpener.FindExecutable("setsid")
+                ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("The setsid executable is required for a detached native Web restart.");
+            startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+            {
+                FileName = setsid,
+                WorkingDirectory = plan.InstallDirectory,
+                UseShellExecute = false,
+                CreateNoWindow = true,
+            };
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(executable);
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(WebLaunchOptions.BackgroundChildFlag);
+        }
+        else if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+        {
+            startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+            {
+                FileName = executable,
+                WorkingDirectory = plan.InstallDirectory,
+                UseShellExecute = true,
+                WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden,
+            };
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            throw new PlatformNotSupportedException("Native Web self-update is supported on Linux and Windows x64.");
+        }
+        foreach (var argument in plan.HostArguments) startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(argument);
+        return Process.Start(startInfo) ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Could not start the updated Web application.");
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<bool> WaitForExpectedHealthAsync(
+        NativeWebUpdatePlan plan,
+        Process process,
+        string expectedVersion,
+        TimeSpan timeout)
+    {
+        var healthProbe = new HttpWebHealthProbe();
+        var healthUri = new Uri(plan.HealthUri);
+        var deadline = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow + timeout;
+        int? lastOwnerProcessId = null;
+        var lastHealth = new WebHealthProbeResult(false, null);
+        var lastRuntimeIntentSatisfied = false;
+        while (DateTimeOffset.UtcNow < deadline)
+        {
+            if (WebInstanceLock.IsHeld(plan.InstanceLockPath))
+            {
+                lastOwnerProcessId = WebInstanceLock.ReadOwnerProcessId(plan.InstanceLockPath);
+                lastHealth = await healthProbe.ProbeAsync(healthUri, CancellationToken.None);
+                lastRuntimeIntentSatisfied = RuntimeIntentIsSatisfied(plan.RuntimeIntentPath, lastHealth);
+                if (lastOwnerProcessId.HasValue && lastHealth.IsHealthy && lastHealth.InstanceProcessId == lastOwnerProcessId
+                    && string.Equals(lastHealth.WebVersion, expectedVersion, StringComparison.Ordinal)
+                    && lastRuntimeIntentSatisfied)
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            if (process.HasExited && !WebInstanceLock.IsHeld(plan.InstanceLockPath))
+            {
+                WriteHealthMismatchDiagnostic(plan, expectedVersion, lastOwnerProcessId, lastHealth, lastRuntimeIntentSatisfied);
+                return false;
+            }
+            await Task.Delay(PollInterval);
+        }
+        WriteHealthMismatchDiagnostic(plan, expectedVersion, lastOwnerProcessId, lastHealth, lastRuntimeIntentSatisfied);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteHealthMismatchDiagnostic(
+        NativeWebUpdatePlan plan,
+        string expectedVersion,
+        int? ownerProcessId,
+        WebHealthProbeResult health,
+        bool runtimeIntentSatisfied) =>
+        Console.Error.WriteLine(
+            $"Native Web update health mismatch: expectedVersion={expectedVersion}; lockOwner={ownerProcessId}; "
+            + $"healthy={health.IsHealthy}; healthPid={health.InstanceProcessId}; observedVersion={health.WebVersion}; "
+            + $"coreState={health.CoreState}; corePids={string.Join(',', health.CoreProcessIds ?? [])}; "
+            + $"runtimeIntentSatisfied={runtimeIntentSatisfied}; progress={plan.ProgressPath}.");
+
+    private static bool RuntimeIntentIsSatisfied(string intentPath, WebHealthProbeResult health)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            if (!File.Exists(intentPath)) return false;
+            var intent = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<RuntimeRestartIntent>(File.ReadAllText(intentPath), JsonOptions);
+            return intent is not null && NativeWebUpdateWorkflow.RuntimeIntentIsSatisfied(intent, health);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException or JsonException)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<bool> WaitForLockReleaseAsync(string lockPath, TimeSpan timeout)
+    {
+        var deadline = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow + timeout;
+        while (DateTimeOffset.UtcNow < deadline)
+        {
+            if (!WebInstanceLock.IsHeld(lockPath)) return true;
+            await Task.Delay(PollInterval);
+        }
+        return !WebInstanceLock.IsHeld(lockPath);
+    }
+
+    private static Process? CaptureWindowsOwnerProcess(NativeWebUpdatePlan plan)
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows() || !WebInstanceLock.IsHeld(plan.InstanceLockPath)) return null;
+        var ownerProcessId = WebInstanceLock.ReadOwnerProcessId(plan.InstanceLockPath)
+            ?? throw new InvalidDataException("The running Windows Web process identity could not be read from its instance lock.");
+        try
+        {
+            return Process.GetProcessById(ownerProcessId);
+        }
+        catch (ArgumentException exception)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The running Windows Web process no longer matches its instance lock.", exception);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<bool> WaitForProcessExitAsync(Process process, TimeSpan timeout)
+    {
+        var deadline = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow + timeout;
+        while (DateTimeOffset.UtcNow < deadline)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (process.HasExited) return true;
+            }
+            catch (InvalidOperationException)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            await Task.Delay(PollInterval);
+        }
+        try { return process.HasExited; }
+        catch (InvalidOperationException) { return true; }
+    }
+
+    private static void StopOwnedProcess(Process? process, string lockPath)
+    {
+        if (process is null) return;
+        try
+        {
+            if (process.HasExited) return;
+            if (WebInstanceLock.ReadOwnerProcessId(lockPath) == process.Id)
+            {
+                process.Kill(entireProcessTree: true);
+                process.WaitForExit(5000);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is InvalidOperationException or System.ComponentModel.Win32Exception)
+        {
+            // The managed update child may exit during health verification.
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void SetExecutableMode(string path)
+    {
+        if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+        {
+            File.SetUnixFileMode(path,
+                UnixFileMode.UserRead | UnixFileMode.UserWrite | UnixFileMode.UserExecute
+                | UnixFileMode.GroupRead | UnixFileMode.GroupExecute
+                | UnixFileMode.OtherRead | UnixFileMode.OtherExecute);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void EnsureNoLinks(string directory)
+    {
+        if (new DirectoryInfo(directory).LinkTarget is not null)
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The staged update directory is a symlink.");
+        foreach (var file in Directory.EnumerateFiles(directory, "*", SearchOption.TopDirectoryOnly))
+        {
+            if (new FileInfo(file).LinkTarget is not null)
+                throw new InvalidDataException("The staged Web update contains a symbolic link.");
+        }
+        foreach (var childDirectory in Directory.EnumerateDirectories(directory, "*", SearchOption.TopDirectoryOnly))
+        {
+            if (new DirectoryInfo(childDirectory).LinkTarget is not null)
+                throw new InvalidDataException("The staged Web update contains a symbolic link.");
+            EnsureNoLinks(childDirectory);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteProgress(NativeWebUpdatePlan plan, WebUpdateProgressState state)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var temporary = plan.ProgressPath + $".{Environment.ProcessId}.tmp";
+            File.WriteAllText(temporary, JsonSerializer.Serialize(state with { CoreWasRunning = plan.CoreWasRunning }, JsonOptions));
+            File.Move(temporary, plan.ProgressPath, overwrite: true);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"Could not persist native Web update progress: {exception.Message}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void DeleteRuntimeIntent(string path) => TryDeleteFile(path);
+
+    private static void TryDeleteDirectory(string path)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            if (Directory.Exists(path)) Directory.Delete(path, recursive: true);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"Could not clean a Web update directory {path}: {exception.Message}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void TryDeleteFile(string path)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(path)) File.Delete(path);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"Could not clean a Web update file {path}: {exception.Message}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static readonly JsonSerializerOptions JsonOptions = new(JsonSerializerDefaults.Web);
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Launcher/NativeWebUpdateWorkflow.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Launcher;
+
+internal sealed record NativeWebUpdateTransactionResult(bool Success, bool RollbackSucceeded, string? Detail);
+
+internal static class NativeWebUpdateWorkflow
+{
+    public static bool RuntimeIntentIsSatisfied(v2rayN.WebAPI.Services.RuntimeRestartIntent intent, WebHealthProbeResult health)
+    {
+        var hasCore = (health.CoreProcessIds?.Count ?? 0) > 0;
+        if (!intent.WasRunning)
+            return string.Equals(health.CoreState, "stopped", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) && !hasCore;
+        return string.Equals(health.CoreState, "running", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            && hasCore
+            && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(health.CoreProfileId);
+    }
+
+    public static async Task<NativeWebUpdateTransactionResult> ApplyAsync(
+        Func<Task> installCandidateAsync,
+        Func<Task<bool>> startCandidateAndVerifyHealthAsync,
+        Func<Task> restorePreviousFilesAsync,
+        Func<Task<bool>> startPreviousAndVerifyHealthAsync,
+        Action<string> setPhase,
+        Func<Task> cleanBackupsAsync)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            setPhase("installing");
+            await installCandidateAsync();
+            setPhase("restarting");
+            setPhase("verifying-health");
+            if (await startCandidateAndVerifyHealthAsync())
+            {
+                await cleanBackupsAsync();
+                return new(true, false, null);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception installException)
+        {
+            setPhase("rolling-back");
+            return await TryRestoreAndVerifyAsync(
+                restorePreviousFilesAsync,
+                startPreviousAndVerifyHealthAsync,
+                cleanBackupsAsync,
+                setPhase,
+                installException.Message);
+        }
+
+        setPhase("rolling-back");
+        return await TryRestoreAndVerifyAsync(
+            restorePreviousFilesAsync,
+            startPreviousAndVerifyHealthAsync,
+            cleanBackupsAsync,
+            setPhase,
+            "The new Web application did not become healthy.");
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<NativeWebUpdateTransactionResult> TryRestoreAndVerifyAsync(
+        Func<Task> restorePreviousFilesAsync,
+        Func<Task<bool>> startPreviousAndVerifyHealthAsync,
+        Func<Task> cleanBackupsAsync,
+        Action<string> setPhase,
+        string failure)
+    {
+        string? restoreFailure = null;
+        try
+        {
+            await restorePreviousFilesAsync();
+        }
+        catch (Exception rollbackException)
+        {
+            restoreFailure = rollbackException.Message;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            setPhase("restarting");
+            setPhase("verifying-health");
+            if (!await startPreviousAndVerifyHealthAsync())
+                return new(false, false, $"{failure} The previous Web build did not become healthy. {restoreFailure}");
+            if (restoreFailure is not null)
+                return new(false, false, $"{failure} The previous Web process is responding, but restoring all previous app files failed: {restoreFailure}");
+            await cleanBackupsAsync();
+            return new(false, true, $"{failure} The previous Web build was restored and is healthy.");
+        }
+        catch (Exception restartException)
+        {
+            return new(false, false, $"{failure} Rollback/restart failed: {restoreFailure} {restartException.Message}");
+        }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Launcher/WebInstanceLock.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Launcher;
+
+public sealed class WebInstanceLock : IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly FileStream _stream;
+    private bool _disposed;
+
+    private WebInstanceLock(FileStream stream)
+    {
+        _stream = stream;
+    }
+
+    public static bool TryAcquire(string path, bool writeOwner, out WebInstanceLock? instanceLock)
+    {
+        var fullPath = Path.GetFullPath(path);
+        var directory = Path.GetDirectoryName(fullPath)
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Instance lock path has no parent directory.");
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+
+        FileStream stream;
+        if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+        {
+            var descriptor = Open(fullPath, OpenReadWrite | OpenCreate | OpenCloseOnExec, UserReadWriteMode);
+            if (descriptor < 0)
+            {
+                throw new IOException("Unable to open the v2rayN.WebAPI instance lock.", new Win32Exception(Marshal.GetLastPInvokeError()));
+            }
+            stream = new FileStream(new SafeFileHandle((IntPtr)descriptor, ownsHandle: true), FileAccess.ReadWrite);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            var options = new FileStreamOptions
+            {
+                Mode = FileMode.OpenOrCreate,
+                Access = FileAccess.ReadWrite,
+                // Windows uses a byte-range lock below, leaving the owner PID at the start
+                // of the file readable by the detached update helper while still excluding
+                // every competing lock acquisition.
+                Share = OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? FileShare.ReadWrite : FileShare.None,
+            };
+            try
+            {
+                stream = new FileStream(fullPath, options);
+            }
+            catch (IOException)
+            {
+                instanceLock = null;
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        var acquired = OperatingSystem.IsLinux()
+            ? TryFlock(stream, LockExclusive | LockNonBlocking)
+            : OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? TryWindowsLock(stream) : true;
+        if (!acquired)
+        {
+            stream.Dispose();
+            instanceLock = null;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+        {
+            File.SetUnixFileMode(fullPath, UnixFileMode.UserRead | UnixFileMode.UserWrite);
+        }
+
+        if (writeOwner)
+        {
+            var owner = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes($"{Environment.ProcessId}\n");
+            stream.SetLength(0);
+            stream.Position = 0;
+            stream.Write(owner);
+            stream.Flush(flushToDisk: true);
+        }
+
+        instanceLock = new WebInstanceLock(stream);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static int? ReadOwnerProcessId(string path)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            string ownerText;
+            if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+            {
+                var descriptor = Open(Path.GetFullPath(path), OpenReadOnly | OpenCloseOnExec, 0);
+                if (descriptor < 0)
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                using var stream = new FileStream(new SafeFileHandle((IntPtr)descriptor, ownsHandle: true), FileAccess.Read);
+                using var reader = new StreamReader(stream, Encoding.ASCII);
+                ownerText = reader.ReadToEnd().Trim();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+                {
+                    using var stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite);
+                    using var reader = new StreamReader(stream, Encoding.ASCII);
+                    ownerText = reader.ReadToEnd().Trim();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ownerText = File.ReadAllText(path, Encoding.ASCII).Trim();
+                }
+            }
+            return int.TryParse(ownerText, out var processId) && processId > 0 ? processId : null;
+        }
+        catch (IOException)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        catch (UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static bool IsHeld(string path)
+    {
+        if (!TryAcquire(path, writeOwner: false, out var probe))
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        probe!.Dispose();
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        if (_disposed)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _disposed = true;
+        if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+        {
+            var descriptor = _stream.SafeFileHandle.DangerousGetHandle().ToInt32();
+            _ = Flock(descriptor, LockUnlock);
+        }
+        else if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+        {
+            try { _stream.Unlock(WindowsLockOffset, WindowsLockLength); }
+            catch (IOException) { }
+        }
+        _stream.Dispose();
+    }
+
+    private const int LockExclusive = 2;
+    private const int LockNonBlocking = 4;
+    private const int LockUnlock = 8;
+    private const int OpenReadOnly = 0;
+    private const int OpenReadWrite = 2;
+    private const int OpenCreate = 64;
+    private const int OpenCloseOnExec = 524288;
+    private const uint UserReadWriteMode = 0x180;
+    private const long WindowsLockOffset = 1024 * 1024;
+    private const long WindowsLockLength = 1;
+
+    [DllImport("libc", EntryPoint = "open", SetLastError = true)]
+    private static extern int Open(string path, int flags, uint mode);
+
+    private static bool TryFlock(FileStream stream, int operation)
+    {
+        var descriptor = stream.SafeFileHandle.DangerousGetHandle().ToInt32();
+        if (Flock(descriptor, operation) == 0)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        var error = Marshal.GetLastPInvokeError();
+        if (error is 11 or 35)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        throw new IOException("Unable to acquire the v2rayN.WebAPI instance lock.", new Win32Exception(error));
+    }
+
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
+    private static bool TryWindowsLock(FileStream stream)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            stream.Lock(WindowsLockOffset, WindowsLockLength);
+            return true;
+        }
+        catch (IOException)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    [DllImport("libc", EntryPoint = "flock", SetLastError = true)]
+    private static extern int Flock(int fileDescriptor, int operation);
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Launcher/WebLaunchOptions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Launcher;
+
+public enum WebLaunchMode
+{
+    Stop,
+    Foreground,
+    BackgroundLauncher,
+    BackgroundChild,
+}
+
+public sealed record WebLaunchOptions(WebLaunchMode Mode, bool NoOpen, string[] HostArguments)
+{
+    public const string StopFlag = "--stop";
+    public const string ForegroundFlag = "--foreground";
+    public const string BackgroundFlag = "--background";
+    public const string NoOpenFlag = "--no-open";
+    public const string BackgroundChildFlag = "--background-child";
+    public const string HelpFlag = "--help";
+    public const string HelpShortFlag = "-h";
+
+    public static WebLaunchOptions Parse(
+        string[] arguments,
+        bool isLinux,
+        bool daemonEnvironment,
+        bool containerEnvironment,
+        bool interactiveLaunch)
+    {
+        var mode = arguments.Contains(StopFlag, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+            ? WebLaunchMode.Stop
+            : arguments.Contains(BackgroundChildFlag, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+                ? WebLaunchMode.BackgroundChild
+                : arguments.Contains(ForegroundFlag, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+                    ? WebLaunchMode.Foreground
+                    : arguments.Contains(BackgroundFlag, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+                        ? WebLaunchMode.BackgroundLauncher
+                        : isLinux && !containerEnvironment && (!daemonEnvironment || interactiveLaunch)
+                            ? WebLaunchMode.BackgroundLauncher
+                            : WebLaunchMode.Foreground;
+
+        var hostArguments = arguments
+            .Where(argument => argument is not StopFlag
+                and not ForegroundFlag
+                and not BackgroundFlag
+                and not NoOpenFlag
+                and not BackgroundChildFlag
+                and not HelpFlag
+                and not HelpShortFlag)
+            .ToArray();
+        return new WebLaunchOptions(
+            mode,
+            arguments.Contains(NoOpenFlag, StringComparer.Ordinal),
+            hostArguments);
+    }
+}
+
+public static class LauncherEnvironment
+{
+    // Set when the launch chain started in an interactive terminal and inherited
+    // by every later child, helper, and replacement process. Terminals that were
+    // started by systemd export INVOCATION_ID/JOURNAL_STREAM to everything they
+    // run, so the launch context is recorded once instead of being probed again.
+    public const string InteractiveLaunchEnvironmentVariable = "V2RAYN_WEB_INTERACTIVE_LAUNCH";
+
+    public static bool IsDaemonEnvironment(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string?> environment)
+    {
+        return HasValue(environment, "INVOCATION_ID")
+            || HasValue(environment, "JOURNAL_STREAM")
+            || HasValue(environment, "NOTIFY_SOCKET");
+    }
+
+    public static bool IsContainerEnvironment(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string?> environment) =>
+        HasValue(environment, "DOTNET_RUNNING_IN_CONTAINER")
+        || HasValue(environment, "container");
+
+    public static bool IsCurrentContainerEnvironment()
+    {
+        var environment = ReadCurrentEnvironment();
+        return IsContainerEnvironment(environment)
+            || File.Exists("/.dockerenv")
+            || File.Exists("/run/.containerenv");
+    }
+
+    public static bool IsInteractiveLaunchMarker(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string?> environment) =>
+        HasValue(environment, InteractiveLaunchEnvironmentVariable);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// True when this process runs with an interactive terminal attached or the
+    /// launch chain was marked as interactive by the process that had one.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool IsInteractiveLaunch(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string?> environment) =>
+        !Console.IsInputRedirected || IsInteractiveLaunchMarker(environment);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// True when systemd markers or the service cgroup claim this process, unless
+    /// the markers merely leaked into a terminal (or its detached children),
+    /// where no external supervisor exists.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool IsSystemdManagedDeployment()
+    {
+        if (WebStopper.IsManagedBySystemd(Environment.ProcessId))
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        var environment = ReadCurrentEnvironment();
+        return IsDaemonEnvironment(environment) && !IsInteractiveLaunch(environment);
+    }
+
+    public static Dictionary<string, string?> ReadCurrentEnvironment() =>
+        Environment.GetEnvironmentVariables()
+            .Cast<System.Collections.DictionaryEntry>()
+            .ToDictionary(entry => (string)entry.Key, entry => entry.Value?.ToString(), StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+
+    private static bool HasValue(IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string?> environment, string key) =>
+        environment.TryGetValue(key, out var value) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value);
+}
+
+public enum LauncherLocale
+{
+    SimplifiedChinese,
+    TraditionalChinese,
+    English,
+}
+
+public static class LauncherMessages
+{
+    private static readonly System.Collections.Concurrent.ConcurrentDictionary<string, string> MessageCache = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+
+    public static LauncherLocale ResolveLocale(params string?[] localeValues)
+    {
+        var locale = localeValues.FirstOrDefault(value => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value)) ?? string.Empty;
+        var normalized = locale.Replace('_', '-');
+        if (normalized.StartsWith("zh-TW", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            || normalized.StartsWith("zh-HK", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            || normalized.StartsWith("zh-MO", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            || normalized.StartsWith("zh-Hant", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            return LauncherLocale.TraditionalChinese;
+        }
+
+        return normalized.StartsWith("zh", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            ? LauncherLocale.SimplifiedChinese
+            : LauncherLocale.English;
+    }
+
+    public static string Started(string url, string command, LauncherLocale locale) =>
+        Format("started", locale, url, command);
+
+    public static string AlreadyRunning(string url, string command, bool browserOpened, LauncherLocale locale) =>
+        Format(browserOpened ? "alreadyRunningOpening" : "alreadyRunning", locale, url, command);
+
+    public static string ForegroundStarted(string url, LauncherLocale locale) => Format("foregroundStarted", locale, url);
+
+    public static string StopMessage(WebStopResult result, LauncherLocale locale, string? lastStage = null)
+    {
+        var message = Get(result switch
+        {
+            WebStopResult.NotRunning => "stopNotRunning",
+            WebStopResult.Stopped => "stopSucceeded",
+            WebStopResult.ProbeUnavailable => "stopUnprobeable",
+            WebStopResult.IdentityUnverified => "stopIdentityUnverified",
+            WebStopResult.SupervisorManaged => "stopSupervisorManaged",
+            WebStopResult.CoreProcessStillRunning => "stopCoreStillRunning",
+            WebStopResult.SignalFailed => "stopSignalFailed",
+            WebStopResult.TimedOut => "stopTimedOut",
+            _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(result)),
+        }, locale);
+
+        return result == WebStopResult.TimedOut && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(lastStage)
+            ? $"{message} {Get("stopTimedOutStage", locale).Replace("{stage}", lastStage, StringComparison.Ordinal)}"
+            : message;
+    }
+
+    public static string StopUnsupported(LauncherLocale locale) => Get("stopUnsupported", locale);
+
+    public static string Help(LauncherLocale locale) => Get("help", locale);
+
+    public static string StartFailed(LauncherLocale locale) => Get("startFailed", locale);
+
+    public static string StartUnprobeable(LauncherLocale locale) => Get("startUnprobeable", locale);
+
+    public static string ExistingUnhealthy(LauncherLocale locale) => Get("existingUnhealthy", locale);
+
+    public static string InstanceInUse(LauncherLocale locale) => Get("instanceInUse", locale);
+
+    public static string ExecutableCommand(string executablePath, string? managedEntryPoint = null)
+    {
+        if (Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(executablePath).Equals("dotnet", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(managedEntryPoint)
+            && managedEntryPoint.EndsWith(".dll", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            return $"\"{executablePath}\" \"{Path.GetFullPath(managedEntryPoint)}\"";
+        }
+
+        return $"./{Path.GetFileName(executablePath)}";
+    }
+
+    private static string Format(string key, LauncherLocale locale, string url, string? command = null) =>
+        Get(key, locale)
+            .Replace("{url}", url, StringComparison.Ordinal)
+            .Replace("{command}", command ?? string.Empty, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
+    private static string Get(string key, LauncherLocale locale)
+    {
+        var localeName = locale switch
+        {
+            LauncherLocale.SimplifiedChinese => "zh-CN",
+            LauncherLocale.TraditionalChinese => "zh-TW",
+            _ => "en-US",
+        };
+        return MessageCache.GetOrAdd($"{localeName}:{key}", _ => ReadMessage(localeName, key));
+    }
+
+    private static string ReadMessage(string localeName, string key)
+    {
+        var resourceName = $"v2rayN.WebAPI.Launcher.Locales.{localeName}.json";
+        using var stream = typeof(LauncherMessages).Assembly.GetManifestResourceStream(resourceName)
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException($"Missing embedded locale resource: {resourceName}");
+        using var document = System.Text.Json.JsonDocument.Parse(stream);
+        return document.RootElement.GetProperty("launcher").GetProperty(key).GetString()
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException($"Missing launcher locale key: {localeName}.{key}");
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Launcher/WebLauncher.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Launcher;
+
+public interface IWebHealthProbe
+{
+    Task<WebHealthProbeResult> ProbeAsync(Uri healthUri, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+}
+
+public sealed record WebHealthProbeResult(
+    bool IsHealthy,
+    int? InstanceProcessId,
+    string? ShutdownStage = null,
+    IReadOnlyList<int>? CoreProcessIds = null,
+    string? CoreState = null,
+    string? WebVersion = null,
+    string? CoreProfileId = null);
+
+public interface IBrowserOpener
+{
+    bool TryOpen(Uri apiUri);
+}
+
+public sealed class HttpWebHealthProbe : IWebHealthProbe
+{
+    private readonly HttpClient _client = new(new SocketsHttpHandler
+    {
+        ConnectTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500),
+        UseProxy = false,
+    })
+    {
+        Timeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
+    };
+
+    public async Task<WebHealthProbeResult> ProbeAsync(Uri healthUri, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            using var response = await _client.GetAsync(healthUri, cancellationToken);
+            var instanceProcessId = response.Headers.TryGetValues("X-v2rayn-WebAPI-instance-pid", out var values)
+                && int.TryParse(values.FirstOrDefault(), out var parsedProcessId)
+                    ? parsedProcessId
+                    : (int?)null;
+            var shutdownStage = response.Headers.TryGetValues("X-v2rayn-WebAPI-shutdown-stage", out var stageValues)
+                ? stageValues.FirstOrDefault()
+                : null;
+            var coreProcessIds = response.Headers.TryGetValues("X-v2rayn-WebAPI-core-process-ids", out var processValues)
+                ? processValues.FirstOrDefault()?.Split(',', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries)
+                    .Select(value => int.TryParse(value, out var processId) ? processId : 0)
+                    .Where(processId => processId > 0)
+                    .Distinct()
+                    .ToArray()
+                : [];
+            var coreState = response.Headers.TryGetValues("X-v2rayn-WebAPI-core-state", out var stateValues)
+                ? stateValues.FirstOrDefault()
+                : null;
+            var webVersion = response.Headers.TryGetValues("X-v2rayn-WebAPI-version", out var versionValues)
+                ? versionValues.FirstOrDefault()
+                : null;
+            var coreProfileId = response.Headers.TryGetValues("X-v2rayn-WebAPI-core-profile-id", out var profileValues)
+                ? profileValues.FirstOrDefault()
+                : null;
+            return new WebHealthProbeResult(response.IsSuccessStatusCode, instanceProcessId, shutdownStage,
+                coreProcessIds, coreState, webVersion, coreProfileId);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is HttpRequestException or TaskCanceledException)
+        {
+            return new WebHealthProbeResult(false, null);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+public sealed class LinuxXdgBrowserOpener : IBrowserOpener
+{
+    public bool TryOpen(Uri apiUri)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DISPLAY"))
+            && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("WAYLAND_DISPLAY")))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var xdgOpen = FindExecutable("xdg-open");
+        if (xdgOpen is null)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+            {
+                FileName = xdgOpen,
+                UseShellExecute = false,
+            };
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(apiUri.ToString());
+            return Process.Start(startInfo) is not null;
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is InvalidOperationException or IOException or System.ComponentModel.Win32Exception)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static string? FindExecutable(string name)
+    {
+        var path = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("PATH");
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(path))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        foreach (var directory in path.Split(Path.PathSeparator, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries))
+        {
+            var candidate = Path.Combine(directory, name);
+            if (File.Exists(candidate))
+            {
+                return candidate;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+public static class ExistingInstanceHandler
+{
+    public static async Task<ExistingInstanceResult> TryReuseAsync(
+        string lockPath,
+        Uri healthUri,
+        Uri apiUri,
+        IWebHealthProbe healthProbe,
+        IBrowserOpener browserOpener,
+        bool noOpen,
+        TimeSpan waitTimeout,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        if (WebInstanceLock.TryAcquire(lockPath, writeOwner: false, out var probe))
+        {
+            probe!.Dispose();
+            return new ExistingInstanceResult(false, false);
+        }
+
+        var timeout = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+        do
+        {
+            var ownerProcessId = WebInstanceLock.ReadOwnerProcessId(lockPath);
+            var health = await healthProbe.ProbeAsync(healthUri, cancellationToken);
+            if (health.IsHealthy && ownerProcessId.HasValue && health.InstanceProcessId == ownerProcessId)
+            {
+                if (!noOpen)
+                {
+                    var browserOpened = browserOpener.TryOpen(apiUri);
+                    return new ExistingInstanceResult(true, browserOpened);
+                }
+                return new ExistingInstanceResult(true, false);
+            }
+
+            if (WebInstanceLock.TryAcquire(lockPath, writeOwner: false, out probe))
+            {
+                probe!.Dispose();
+                return new ExistingInstanceResult(false, false);
+            }
+
+            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(250), cancellationToken);
+        }
+        while (timeout.Elapsed < waitTimeout);
+
+        throw new TimeoutException("The existing v2rayN.WebAPI instance holds its lock but did not become healthy.");
+    }
+}
+
+public sealed record ExistingInstanceResult(bool Existing, bool BrowserOpened);
+
+public sealed class WebLauncher
+{
+    private static readonly TimeSpan StartupTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30);
+    private static readonly TimeSpan HealthPollInterval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(200);
+
+    private readonly IWebHealthProbe _healthProbe;
+    private readonly IBrowserOpener _browserOpener;
+    private readonly LauncherLocale _locale;
+
+    public WebLauncher(IWebHealthProbe healthProbe, IBrowserOpener browserOpener, LauncherLocale locale)
+    {
+        _healthProbe = healthProbe;
+        _browserOpener = browserOpener;
+        _locale = locale;
+    }
+
+    public async Task<int> RunAsync(
+        string executablePath,
+        string[] hostArguments,
+        string instanceLockPath,
+        Uri healthUri,
+        Uri apiUri,
+        bool noOpen,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        var commandLine = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs();
+        var launcherCommand = LauncherMessages.ExecutableCommand(executablePath, commandLine.FirstOrDefault());
+        try
+        {
+            var existing = await ExistingInstanceHandler.TryReuseAsync(
+                    instanceLockPath,
+                    healthUri,
+                    apiUri,
+                    _healthProbe,
+                    _browserOpener,
+                    noOpen,
+                    StartupTimeout,
+                    cancellationToken);
+            if (existing.Existing)
+            {
+                Print(LauncherMessages.AlreadyRunning(
+                    apiUri.ToString(),
+                    launcherCommand,
+                    existing.BrowserOpened,
+                    _locale));
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+        catch (TimeoutException)
+        {
+            Print(LauncherMessages.ExistingUnhealthy(_locale));
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        using var child = StartDetachedChild(executablePath, hostArguments);
+        if (child is null)
+        {
+            Print(LauncherMessages.StartFailed(_locale));
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        var timeout = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+        while (timeout.Elapsed < StartupTimeout && !cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            var ownerProcessId = WebInstanceLock.ReadOwnerProcessId(instanceLockPath);
+            var lockHeld = WebInstanceLock.IsHeld(instanceLockPath);
+            var health = lockHeld
+                ? await _healthProbe.ProbeAsync(healthUri, cancellationToken)
+                : new WebHealthProbeResult(false, null);
+            if (lockHeld && ownerProcessId.HasValue
+                && health.IsHealthy && health.InstanceProcessId == ownerProcessId)
+            {
+                var opened = !noOpen && _browserOpener.TryOpen(apiUri);
+                if (ownerProcessId.Value == child.Id)
+                {
+                    Print(LauncherMessages.Started(
+                        apiUri.ToString(),
+                        launcherCommand,
+                        _locale));
+                    return 0;
+                }
+
+                Print(LauncherMessages.AlreadyRunning(
+                    apiUri.ToString(),
+                    launcherCommand,
+                    opened,
+                    _locale));
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            if (child.HasExited)
+            {
+                // A competing launcher for the same data scope may have won the startup race.
+                if (lockHeld && ownerProcessId.HasValue && ownerProcessId != child.Id
+                    && health.IsHealthy && health.InstanceProcessId == ownerProcessId)
+                {
+                    var opened = !noOpen && _browserOpener.TryOpen(apiUri);
+                    Print(LauncherMessages.AlreadyRunning(
+                        apiUri.ToString(),
+                        launcherCommand,
+                        opened,
+                        _locale));
+                    return 0;
+                }
+
+                Print(LauncherMessages.StartFailed(_locale));
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            await Task.Delay(HealthPollInterval, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            if (!child.HasExited)
+            {
+                child.Kill(entireProcessTree: true);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InvalidOperationException)
+        {
+            // The child can exit between the check and Kill.
+        }
+
+        Print(LauncherMessages.StartFailed(_locale));
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    private static Process? StartDetachedChild(string executablePath, string[] hostArguments)
+    {
+        var setsid = LinuxXdgBrowserOpener.FindExecutable("setsid");
+        var processPath = Environment.ProcessPath ?? executablePath;
+        var commandLine = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs();
+        var command = WebReplacementCommand.Create(
+            setsid,
+            processPath,
+            WebReplacementCommand.GetManagedEntryPoint(processPath, commandLine),
+            hostArguments);
+        if (command is null) return null;
+
+        try
+        {
+            return Process.Start(command.ToProcessStartInfo());
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is InvalidOperationException or IOException or System.ComponentModel.Win32Exception)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void Print(string message) => Console.Out.WriteLine(message);
+}
+
+public static class BackgroundChildProcess
+{
+    public static void DetachStandardHandles()
+    {
+        if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+        {
+            _ = FreeConsole();
+            Console.SetIn(TextReader.Null);
+            Console.SetOut(TextWriter.Null);
+            Console.SetError(TextWriter.Null);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var nullDescriptor = Open("/dev/null", OpenReadWrite);
+        if (nullDescriptor < 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _ = Dup2(nullDescriptor, 0);
+        _ = Dup2(nullDescriptor, 1);
+        _ = Dup2(nullDescriptor, 2);
+        if (nullDescriptor > 2)
+        {
+            _ = Close(nullDescriptor);
+        }
+
+        Console.SetIn(TextReader.Null);
+        Console.SetOut(TextWriter.Null);
+        Console.SetError(TextWriter.Null);
+    }
+
+    private const int OpenReadWrite = 2;
+
+    [DllImport("libc", EntryPoint = "open", SetLastError = true)]
+    private static extern int Open(string path, int flags);
+
+    [DllImport("libc", EntryPoint = "dup2", SetLastError = true)]
+    private static extern int Dup2(int oldDescriptor, int newDescriptor);
+
+    [DllImport("libc", EntryPoint = "close", SetLastError = true)]
+    private static extern int Close(int descriptor);
+
+    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", EntryPoint = "FreeConsole", SetLastError = true)]
+    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
+    private static extern bool FreeConsole();
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Launcher/WebProbeUriResolver.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+using System.Net;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Launcher;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Resolves the loopback HTTP health-probe endpoint that matches an instance's effective
+/// Kestrel listeners. The diagnostic endpoint is loopback-only, so a probe is produced
+/// only for listeners that can be reached over a loopback address; listeners that cannot
+/// (HTTPS-only, an explicit non-loopback address, or malformed configuration) are
+/// rejected instead of being rewritten to a guessed address or port. The rule set is
+/// shared with the health diagnostics and the update helper: every produced URI passes
+/// <see cref="IsProbeableLoopbackUri"/>.
+/// </summary>
+public static class WebProbeUriResolver
+{
+    public const string HealthPath = "/api/health";
+
+    public sealed record WebProbeEndpoints(Uri HealthUri, Uri ApiUri);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// True when a URI can carry a verifiable health probe: plain HTTP to a host the
+    /// health diagnostics accept as local (localhost, 127.0.0.1 or ::1). The update
+    /// helper and the produced probe URIs both use this single rule.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool IsProbeableLoopbackUri(string? value) =>
+        Uri.TryCreate(value, UriKind.Absolute, out var uri)
+        && uri.Scheme == Uri.UriSchemeHttp
+        && WebSetupAccessPolicy.IsLocalHost(uri.Host);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Resolves the health and API URLs for the first effective listener that can be probed
+    /// over loopback HTTP. Returns false when no listener can be probed reliably.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool TryResolve(IConfiguration configuration, out WebProbeEndpoints endpoints)
+    {
+        foreach (var listenUrl in WebListenerSecurityPolicy.GetEffectiveUrls(configuration))
+        {
+            if (!TryCreateHealthUri(listenUrl, out var healthUri))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            endpoints = new WebProbeEndpoints(healthUri, new UriBuilder(healthUri) { Path = "/" }.Uri);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        endpoints = null!;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Maps one effective listen URL to its loopback health-probe URL. Kestrel treats
+    /// non-loopback host names as wildcard binds, so those probe the local host name to
+    /// cover both address families; explicit wildcards keep their address family.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool TryCreateHealthUri(string listenUrl, out Uri healthUri)
+    {
+        healthUri = null!;
+        var trimmed = listenUrl?.Trim() ?? string.Empty;
+        var schemeSeparator = trimmed.IndexOf("://", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        if (schemeSeparator <= 0)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Kestrel's "*" and "+" wildcard hosts are not valid System.Uri hosts; replace the
+        // host token so the URL can be parsed, and remember to probe the local host name.
+        var authorityStart = schemeSeparator + 3;
+        var wildcard = authorityStart < trimmed.Length && trimmed[authorityStart] is '*' or '+';
+        var normalized = wildcard
+            ? string.Concat(trimmed.AsSpan(0, authorityStart), "localhost", trimmed.AsSpan(authorityStart + 1))
+            : trimmed;
+        if (!Uri.TryCreate(normalized, UriKind.Absolute, out var uri) || uri.Scheme != Uri.UriSchemeHttp)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var probeHost = wildcard ? "localhost" : MapToLoopbackHost(uri.Host);
+        if (probeHost is null)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        healthUri = new UriBuilder(Uri.UriSchemeHttp, probeHost, uri.Port, HealthPath).Uri;
+        // Gate the generated probe through the same rule the health diagnostics and the
+        // update helper use; loopback aliases such as 127.0.0.2 are not verifiable there.
+        return IsProbeableLoopbackUri(healthUri.ToString());
+    }
+
+    private static string? MapToLoopbackHost(string host)
+    {
+        if (host.Equals("localhost", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            // Keep the configured name: resolving "localhost" covers both families and
+            // avoids forcing a configured name onto one IPv4 literal.
+            return "localhost";
+        }
+
+        // System.Uri keeps the brackets around IPv6 literals.
+        var literal = host.Trim('[', ']');
+        if (!IPAddress.TryParse(literal, out var address))
+        {
+            // Kestrel binds a host name that is not "localhost" as a wildcard, which
+            // includes both loopback addresses where the platform provides them.
+            return "localhost";
+        }
+
+        if (address.Equals(IPAddress.Any))
+        {
+            return IPAddress.Loopback.ToString();
+        }
+
+        if (address.Equals(IPAddress.IPv6Any))
+        {
+            return IPAddress.IPv6Loopback.ToString();
+        }
+
+        return IPAddress.IsLoopback(address) ? literal : null;
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Launcher/WebRestartCoordinator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Launcher;
+
+public enum WebLifecycleAction
+{
+    Stop,
+    Restart,
+    RestoreAndRestart,
+    Shutdown,
+}
+
+public enum WebLifecycleOwner
+{
+    None,
+    ExternalSupervisor,
+    NativeProcess,
+}
+
+public sealed record WebLifecyclePlan(WebLifecycleAction Action, WebLifecycleOwner Owner)
+{
+    public bool ShouldStartReplacement => Owner == WebLifecycleOwner.NativeProcess
+        && Action is WebLifecycleAction.Restart or WebLifecycleAction.RestoreAndRestart;
+
+    public bool ExitsForSupervisor => Owner == WebLifecycleOwner.ExternalSupervisor
+        && Action is WebLifecycleAction.Restart or WebLifecycleAction.RestoreAndRestart;
+}
+
+public static class WebLifecyclePlanner
+{
+    public static WebLifecyclePlan Create(
+        WebLifecycleAction action,
+        bool supportsNativeRestart,
+        bool daemonEnvironment,
+        bool containerEnvironment)
+    {
+        var owner = action is not (WebLifecycleAction.Restart or WebLifecycleAction.RestoreAndRestart)
+            ? WebLifecycleOwner.None
+            : daemonEnvironment || containerEnvironment
+                ? WebLifecycleOwner.ExternalSupervisor
+                : supportsNativeRestart
+                    ? WebLifecycleOwner.NativeProcess
+                    : WebLifecycleOwner.None;
+        return new WebLifecyclePlan(action, owner);
+    }
+}
+
+public sealed record WebReplacementCommand(
+    string LauncherPath,
+    string[] Arguments,
+    string WorkingDirectory,
+    bool CreateNoWindow = false)
+{
+    public ProcessStartInfo ToProcessStartInfo()
+    {
+        var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+        {
+            FileName = LauncherPath,
+            WorkingDirectory = WorkingDirectory,
+            UseShellExecute = false,
+            CreateNoWindow = CreateNoWindow,
+        };
+        foreach (var argument in Arguments)
+        {
+            startInfo.ArgumentList.Add(argument);
+        }
+        return startInfo;
+    }
+
+    public static string? GetManagedEntryPoint(string? processPath, IReadOnlyList<string> commandLine) =>
+        !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(processPath)
+        && Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(processPath).Equals("dotnet", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+        && commandLine.Count > 0
+        && commandLine[0].EndsWith(".dll", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            ? commandLine[0]
+            : null;
+
+    public static WebReplacementCommand? Create(
+        string? setsidPath,
+        string? processPath,
+        string? managedEntryPoint,
+        IEnumerable<string> hostArguments) =>
+        CreateNative(
+            isLinux: true,
+            isWindows: false,
+            setsidPath,
+            processPath,
+            managedEntryPoint,
+            hostArguments);
+
+    public static WebReplacementCommand? CreateNative(
+        bool isLinux,
+        bool isWindows,
+        string? setsidPath,
+        string? processPath,
+        string? managedEntryPoint,
+        IEnumerable<string> hostArguments)
+    {
+        if ((!isLinux && !isWindows)
+            || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(processPath)
+            || (isLinux && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(setsidPath)))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        var arguments = new List<string>();
+        var launcherPath = isLinux ? setsidPath! : processPath;
+        if (Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(processPath).Equals("dotnet", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(managedEntryPoint)
+                || !managedEntryPoint.EndsWith(".dll", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            if (isLinux)
+            {
+                arguments.Add(Path.GetFullPath(processPath));
+            }
+            arguments.Add(Path.GetFullPath(managedEntryPoint));
+        }
+        else if (isLinux)
+        {
+            arguments.Add(Path.GetFullPath(processPath));
+        }
+
+        arguments.Add(WebLaunchOptions.BackgroundChildFlag);
+        arguments.AddRange(hostArguments);
+        return new WebReplacementCommand(
+            Path.GetFullPath(launcherPath),
+            arguments.ToArray(),
+            Environment.CurrentDirectory,
+            CreateNoWindow: isWindows);
+    }
+}
+
+public interface IWebReplacementProcess : IDisposable
+{
+    int Id { get; }
+    bool HasExited { get; }
+    void KillTree();
+}
+
+public interface IWebReplacementProcessStarter
+{
+    IWebReplacementProcess? Start(WebReplacementCommand command);
+}
+
+public interface IWebInstanceOwnershipProbe
+{
+    bool IsLockHeld(string lockPath);
+    int? ReadOwnerProcessId(string lockPath);
+}
+
+public sealed class FileWebInstanceOwnershipProbe : IWebInstanceOwnershipProbe
+{
+    public bool IsLockHeld(string lockPath) => File.Exists(lockPath) && WebInstanceLock.IsHeld(lockPath);
+
+    public int? ReadOwnerProcessId(string lockPath) => WebInstanceLock.ReadOwnerProcessId(lockPath);
+}
+
+public sealed class NativeReplacementProcessStarter : IWebReplacementProcessStarter
+{
+    public IWebReplacementProcess? Start(WebReplacementCommand command)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var process = Process.Start(command.ToProcessStartInfo());
+            return process is null ? null : new ReplacementProcess(process);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is InvalidOperationException or IOException or Win32Exception)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                $"Could not start '{command.LauncherPath}' for the native Web replacement: {exception.Message}",
+                exception);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class ReplacementProcess(Process process) : IWebReplacementProcess
+    {
+        public int Id => process.Id;
+
+        public bool HasExited
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                try { return process.HasExited; }
+                catch (InvalidOperationException) { return true; }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void KillTree()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (!process.HasExited)
+                {
+                    process.Kill(entireProcessTree: true);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception exception) when (exception is InvalidOperationException or Win32Exception)
+            {
+                // A process may exit between the check and the kill request.
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose() => process.Dispose();
+    }
+}
+
+public sealed record WebRestartHandoffResult(bool Success, string Message, int? ReplacementProcessId = null);
+
+public sealed class NativeWebRestartCoordinator
+{
+    private static readonly TimeSpan DefaultTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(35);
+    private static readonly TimeSpan DefaultPollInterval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(200);
+
+    private readonly IWebHealthProbe _healthProbe;
+    private readonly IWebReplacementProcessStarter _processStarter;
+    private readonly IWebInstanceOwnershipProbe _ownershipProbe;
+    private readonly TimeSpan _timeout;
+    private readonly TimeSpan _pollInterval;
+    private readonly Func<TimeSpan, CancellationToken, Task> _delay;
+
+    public NativeWebRestartCoordinator(
+        IWebHealthProbe healthProbe,
+        IWebReplacementProcessStarter processStarter,
+        IWebInstanceOwnershipProbe ownershipProbe,
+        TimeSpan? timeout = null,
+        TimeSpan? pollInterval = null,
+        Func<TimeSpan, CancellationToken, Task>? delay = null)
+    {
+        _healthProbe = healthProbe;
+        _processStarter = processStarter;
+        _ownershipProbe = ownershipProbe;
+        _timeout = timeout ?? DefaultTimeout;
+        _pollInterval = pollInterval ?? DefaultPollInterval;
+        _delay = delay ?? Task.Delay;
+        if (_timeout <= TimeSpan.Zero) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(timeout));
+        if (_pollInterval <= TimeSpan.Zero) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(pollInterval));
+    }
+
+    public async Task<WebRestartHandoffResult> StartReplacementAfterOwnerReleaseAsync(
+        string lockPath,
+        Uri healthUri,
+        WebReplacementCommand command,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default,
+        bool? expectedCoreRunning = null)
+    {
+        var timeout = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+        while (_ownershipProbe.IsLockHeld(lockPath))
+        {
+            if (timeout.Elapsed >= _timeout)
+            {
+                return new(false, "The previous Web owner did not release the current data-scope instance lock.");
+            }
+            await _delay(Min(_pollInterval, _timeout - timeout.Elapsed), cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        IWebReplacementProcess? replacement;
+        try
+        {
+            replacement = _processStarter.Start(command);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is InvalidOperationException or IOException or Win32Exception)
+        {
+            return new(false, $"The native replacement process could not be started: {exception.Message}");
+        }
+        if (replacement is null)
+        {
+            return new(false, "The native replacement process could not be started.");
+        }
+
+        using (replacement)
+        {
+            while (timeout.Elapsed < _timeout)
+            {
+                cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+                if (_ownershipProbe.IsLockHeld(lockPath))
+                {
+                    var ownerProcessId = _ownershipProbe.ReadOwnerProcessId(lockPath);
+                    if (ownerProcessId == replacement.Id)
+                    {
+                        var health = await _healthProbe.ProbeAsync(healthUri, cancellationToken);
+                        if (health.IsHealthy && health.InstanceProcessId == replacement.Id)
+                        {
+                            if (expectedCoreRunning is bool wasRunning && !CoreIntentMatches(health, wasRunning))
+                            {
+                                return new(false,
+                                    $"The native replacement Web instance is healthy, but the previous Core {(wasRunning ? "running" : "stopped")} intent was not restored.",
+                                    replacement.Id);
+                            }
+                            return new(true, "The native replacement Web instance is healthy.", replacement.Id);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (replacement.HasExited)
+                {
+                    return new(false, "The native replacement process exited before its Web health endpoint became ready.", replacement.Id);
+                }
+
+                await _delay(Min(_pollInterval, _timeout - timeout.Elapsed), cancellationToken);
+            }
+
+            var currentOwner = _ownershipProbe.IsLockHeld(lockPath)
+                ? _ownershipProbe.ReadOwnerProcessId(lockPath)
+                : null;
+            if (!replacement.HasExited && (!currentOwner.HasValue || currentOwner == replacement.Id))
+            {
+                replacement.KillTree();
+            }
+            return new(false, "The native replacement Web instance did not become healthy before the startup timeout.", replacement.Id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool CoreIntentMatches(WebHealthProbeResult health, bool expectedRunning)
+    {
+        if (!string.Equals(health.CoreState, expectedRunning ? "running" : "stopped", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return expectedRunning
+            ? health.CoreProcessIds is { Count: > 0 }
+            : health.CoreProcessIds is { Count: 0 };
+    }
+
+    private static TimeSpan Min(TimeSpan left, TimeSpan right) => left < right ? left : right;
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Launcher/WebStopper.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.IO;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Launcher;
+
+public enum WebStopResult
+{
+    NotRunning,
+    Stopped,
+    ProbeUnavailable,
+    IdentityUnverified,
+    SupervisorManaged,
+    CoreProcessStillRunning,
+    SignalFailed,
+    TimedOut,
+}
+
+public interface IProcessSignalSender
+{
+    bool SendSigTerm(int processId);
+}
+
+public sealed class LinuxProcessSignalSender : IProcessSignalSender
+{
+    private const int SigTerm = 15;
+
+    public bool SendSigTerm(int processId) => OperatingSystem.IsLinux() && Kill(processId, SigTerm) == 0;
+
+    [DllImport("libc", EntryPoint = "kill", SetLastError = true)]
+    private static extern int Kill(int processId, int signal);
+}
+
+public sealed class WebStopper
+{
+    private static readonly TimeSpan DefaultStopTimeout = RuntimeShutdownBudgets.LauncherWait;
+    private static readonly TimeSpan DefaultPollInterval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(200);
+
+    private readonly IWebHealthProbe _healthProbe;
+    private readonly IProcessSignalSender _signalSender;
+    private readonly TimeSpan _stopTimeout;
+    private readonly TimeSpan _pollInterval;
+
+    public string? LastObservedShutdownStage { get; private set; }
+
+    public WebStopper(
+        IWebHealthProbe healthProbe,
+        IProcessSignalSender signalSender,
+        TimeSpan? stopTimeout = null,
+        TimeSpan? pollInterval = null)
+    {
+        _healthProbe = healthProbe;
+        _signalSender = signalSender;
+        _stopTimeout = stopTimeout ?? DefaultStopTimeout;
+        _pollInterval = pollInterval ?? DefaultPollInterval;
+        if (_stopTimeout <= TimeSpan.Zero)
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(stopTimeout));
+        }
+        if (_pollInterval <= TimeSpan.Zero)
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(pollInterval));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public async Task<WebStopResult> StopAsync(
+        string lockPath,
+        Uri? healthUri,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        if (!IsLockHeld(lockPath))
+        {
+            return WebStopResult.NotRunning;
+        }
+
+        var ownerProcessId = WebInstanceLock.ReadOwnerProcessId(lockPath);
+        if (!ownerProcessId.HasValue)
+        {
+            return WebStopResult.IdentityUnverified;
+        }
+
+        if (IsManagedBySystemd(ownerProcessId.Value))
+        {
+            return WebStopResult.SupervisorManaged;
+        }
+
+        // A null probe means the configured listeners have no loopback HTTP health
+        // endpoint; without it the owner identity cannot be confirmed, so no signal
+        // may be sent.
+        if (healthUri is null)
+        {
+            return WebStopResult.ProbeUnavailable;
+        }
+
+        var health = await _healthProbe.ProbeAsync(healthUri, cancellationToken);
+        if (!health.IsHealthy || health.InstanceProcessId != ownerProcessId)
+        {
+            return WebStopResult.IdentityUnverified;
+        }
+
+        // Recheck the lock and owner immediately before signaling, so a released or
+        // replaced instance cannot turn a stale PID into an unrelated process signal.
+        if (!IsLockHeld(lockPath))
+        {
+            return WebStopResult.NotRunning;
+        }
+        if (WebInstanceLock.ReadOwnerProcessId(lockPath) != ownerProcessId)
+        {
+            return WebStopResult.IdentityUnverified;
+        }
+
+        var coreProcessIds = new HashSet<int>(health.CoreProcessIds ?? []);
+
+        if (!_signalSender.SendSigTerm(ownerProcessId.Value))
+        {
+            return WebStopResult.SignalFailed;
+        }
+
+        var timeout = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+        while (timeout.Elapsed < _stopTimeout)
+        {
+            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+
+            // Keep probing health while waiting, but only report completion once the
+            // instance has released its lock (after host cleanup and service shutdown).
+            var currentHealth = await _healthProbe.ProbeAsync(healthUri, cancellationToken);
+            LastObservedShutdownStage = currentHealth.ShutdownStage ?? LastObservedShutdownStage;
+            coreProcessIds.UnionWith(currentHealth.CoreProcessIds ?? []);
+            var lockHeld = IsLockHeld(lockPath);
+            var currentOwnerProcessId = lockHeld ? WebInstanceLock.ReadOwnerProcessId(lockPath) : null;
+            var endpointStillIdentifiesOwner = currentHealth.IsHealthy
+                && currentHealth.InstanceProcessId == ownerProcessId;
+            if (!endpointStillIdentifiesOwner && (!lockHeld || currentOwnerProcessId != ownerProcessId))
+            {
+                var remainingCoreProcesses = coreProcessIds.Where(IsProcessAlive).ToArray();
+                return remainingCoreProcesses.Length == 0
+                    ? WebStopResult.Stopped
+                    : WebStopResult.CoreProcessStillRunning;
+            }
+
+            var remaining = _stopTimeout - timeout.Elapsed;
+            if (remaining > TimeSpan.Zero)
+            {
+                await Task.Delay(remaining < _pollInterval ? remaining : _pollInterval, cancellationToken);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return WebStopResult.TimedOut;
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsLockHeld(string lockPath) =>
+        File.Exists(lockPath) && WebInstanceLock.IsHeld(lockPath);
+
+    internal static bool IsManagedBySystemd(int processId)
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsLinux()) return false;
+        try
+        {
+            return IsSystemdServiceCgroup(File.ReadAllText($"/proc/{processId}/cgroup"));
+        }
+        catch (IOException)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        catch (UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static bool IsSystemdServiceCgroup(string? cgroup) =>
+        !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(cgroup)
+        && cgroup.Contains("system.slice/", StringComparison.Ordinal)
+        && cgroup.Contains(".service", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
+    private static bool IsProcessAlive(int processId)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            using var process = Process.GetProcessById(processId);
+            return !process.HasExited;
+        }
+        catch (ArgumentException)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        catch (InvalidOperationException)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Program.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using ServiceLib;
+using ServiceLib.Common;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Api;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Configuration;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Launcher;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal static class Program
+{
+    private const string ManagementKeyEnvironmentVariable = "V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY";
+
+    public static async Task<int> Main(string[] args)
+    {
+        if (args.Contains(WebLaunchOptions.HelpFlag, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+            || args.Contains(WebLaunchOptions.HelpShortFlag, StringComparer.Ordinal))
+        {
+            Console.Out.WriteLine(LauncherMessages.Help(GetLauncherLocale()));
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            NativeEnvironmentFile.LoadFromExecutableDirectory(AppContext.BaseDirectory);
+        }
+        catch (NativeEnvironmentConfigurationException exception)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine($"Invalid v2rayN.WebAPI environment configuration: {exception.Message}");
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        if (args.Length == 2 && args[0] == "--apply-WebAPI-update")
+        {
+            return await NativeWebUpdateHelper.RunAsync(args[1]);
+        }
+
+        var environment = ReadEnvironment();
+        var interactiveTerminal = !Console.IsInputRedirected;
+        if (interactiveTerminal)
+        {
+            // Record the launch context for detached children and later helper
+            // processes, which can no longer probe the terminal themselves.
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(LauncherEnvironment.InteractiveLaunchEnvironmentVariable, "1");
+        }
+
+        var daemonEnvironment = LauncherEnvironment.IsDaemonEnvironment(environment);
+        var interactiveLaunch = interactiveTerminal || LauncherEnvironment.IsInteractiveLaunchMarker(environment);
+        var supervisedEnvironment = daemonEnvironment && !interactiveLaunch;
+        var containerEnvironment = LauncherEnvironment.IsCurrentContainerEnvironment();
+        var managementKey = environment.GetValueOrDefault(ManagementKeyEnvironmentVariable);
+        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(managementKey)
+            && (managementKey.Length < WebAuthService.MinimumKeyLength
+                || managementKey.Length > WebAuthService.MaximumKeyLength))
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine(
+                $"{ManagementKeyEnvironmentVariable} length must be between {WebAuthService.MinimumKeyLength} and {WebAuthService.MaximumKeyLength} characters.");
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        if (WebDeploymentSecurityPolicy.GetStartupError(supervisedEnvironment, containerEnvironment, managementKey) is { } startupError)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine(startupError);
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        PrepareDataScope();
+        var launchOptions = WebLaunchOptions.Parse(
+            args,
+            OperatingSystem.IsLinux(),
+            daemonEnvironment,
+            containerEnvironment,
+            interactiveLaunch);
+
+        if (launchOptions.Mode == WebLaunchMode.Stop)
+        {
+            if (!OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(LauncherMessages.StopUnsupported(GetLauncherLocale()));
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            // The stop probe must follow the same configuration sources as the running
+            // instance (process/.env environment and command line), so build the same
+            // configuration the host would have used.
+            var stopConfiguration = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(new WebApplicationOptions
+            {
+                Args = launchOptions.HostArguments,
+                ContentRootPath = AppContext.BaseDirectory,
+            }).Configuration;
+            var (stopHealthUri, _) = GetLauncherUris(stopConfiguration);
+            var stopper = new WebStopper(new HttpWebHealthProbe(), new LinuxProcessSignalSender());
+            var result = await stopper.StopAsync(GetInstanceLockPath(), stopHealthUri);
+            Console.Out.WriteLine(LauncherMessages.StopMessage(result, GetLauncherLocale(), stopper.LastObservedShutdownStage));
+            return result is WebStopResult.NotRunning or WebStopResult.Stopped ? 0 : 1;
+        }
+
+        var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(new WebApplicationOptions
+        {
+            Args = launchOptions.HostArguments,
+            ContentRootPath = AppContext.BaseDirectory,
+        });
+        WebListenerSecurityPolicy.ApplyDefault(builder);
+        if (WebListenerSecurityPolicy.GetStartupError(builder.Configuration, managementKey) is { } listenerError)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine(listenerError);
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        WebCorsPolicy cors;
+        try
+        {
+            cors = new WebCorsPolicy(builder.Configuration[WebCorsPolicy.EnvironmentVariable]);
+        }
+        catch (ArgumentException exception)
+        {
+            Console.Error.WriteLine(exception.Message);
+            return 1;
+        }
+        builder.Services.AddSingleton(cors);
+        builder.Services.AddCors(options => options.AddPolicy(WebCorsPolicy.PolicyName, cors.Configure));
+
+        if (launchOptions.Mode == WebLaunchMode.BackgroundLauncher)
+        {
+            if (!OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(LauncherMessages.StartFailed(GetLauncherLocale()));
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            var (healthUri, apiUri) = GetLauncherUris(builder.Configuration);
+            if (healthUri is null || apiUri is null)
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(LauncherMessages.StartUnprobeable(GetLauncherLocale()));
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            var launcher = new WebLauncher(new HttpWebHealthProbe(), new LinuxXdgBrowserOpener(), GetLauncherLocale());
+            var processPath = Environment.ProcessPath;
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(processPath))
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(LauncherMessages.StartFailed(GetLauncherLocale()));
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            var lockPath = GetInstanceLockPath();
+            return await launcher.RunAsync(
+                processPath,
+                launchOptions.HostArguments,
+                lockPath,
+                healthUri,
+                apiUri,
+                launchOptions.NoOpen);
+        }
+
+        if (launchOptions.Mode == WebLaunchMode.BackgroundChild)
+        {
+            BackgroundChildProcess.DetachStandardHandles();
+        }
+
+        var instanceLockPath = GetInstanceLockPath();
+        if (!WebInstanceLock.TryAcquire(instanceLockPath, writeOwner: true, out var instanceLock))
+        {
+            if (launchOptions.Mode == WebLaunchMode.BackgroundChild)
+            {
+                return 73;
+            }
+
+            Console.Error.WriteLine(LauncherMessages.InstanceInUse(GetLauncherLocale()));
+            return 73;
+        }
+
+        WebHostRunResult hostResult;
+        using (instanceLock)
+        {
+            var showForegroundPrompt = launchOptions.Mode == WebLaunchMode.Foreground
+                && args.Contains(WebLaunchOptions.ForegroundFlag, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+                && !supervisedEnvironment
+                && !containerEnvironment;
+            hostResult = await RunWebHostAsync(builder, showForegroundPrompt);
+        }
+
+        // The host cleanup is complete and the old owner has disposed this lock. The
+        // handoff still verifies the lock state before allowing a replacement to start.
+        var exitAction = hostResult.RestoreAndRestartRequested
+            ? WebLifecycleAction.RestoreAndRestart
+            : WebLifecycleAction.Shutdown;
+        var lifecyclePlan = WebLifecyclePlanner.Create(
+            exitAction,
+            supportsNativeRestart: OperatingSystem.IsLinux() || OperatingSystem.IsWindows(),
+            LauncherEnvironment.IsSystemdManagedDeployment(),
+            containerEnvironment);
+        if (lifecyclePlan.ShouldStartReplacement)
+        {
+            var replacement = hostResult.NativeRestoreReplacement;
+            if (replacement is null)
+            {
+                WriteNativeRestartDiagnostic("Restore requested a native Web restart without a validated replacement plan.");
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            var coordinator = new NativeWebRestartCoordinator(
+                new HttpWebHealthProbe(),
+                new NativeReplacementProcessStarter(),
+                new FileWebInstanceOwnershipProbe());
+            var handoff = await coordinator.StartReplacementAfterOwnerReleaseAsync(
+                GetInstanceLockPath(),
+                replacement.HealthUri,
+                replacement.Command,
+                expectedCoreRunning: replacement.CoreWasRunning);
+            WriteNativeRestartDiagnostic(handoff.Message, handoff.Success, handoff.ReplacementProcessId);
+            return handoff.Success ? hostResult.ExitCode : 1;
+        }
+        return hostResult.ExitCode;
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<WebHostRunResult> RunWebHostAsync(WebApplicationBuilder builder, bool showForegroundPrompt)
+    {
+        // "guiConfigs/web-auth.json" is the pre-rename legacy location; WebAuthStorage
+        // migrates it (and the previous private location) to WebAPIData/WebAPI-auth.json.
+        var configPath = WebAuthStorage.MigrateAndGetPath(
+            Utils.StartupPath(),
+            Utils.GetConfigPath("web-auth.json"));
+        var webAuth = new WebAuthService(configPath, Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(ManagementKeyEnvironmentVariable));
+        // EventSource carries only a one-time, short-lived SSE ticket in its URL; keep
+        // request lifecycle logs from recording that ticket as well.
+        builder.Logging.AddFilter("Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting.Diagnostics", LogLevel.Warning);
+        builder.Services.AddSingleton<EventHub>();
+        builder.Services.AddSingleton<LogBuffer>();
+        builder.Services.AddSingleton<RuntimeOperationCoordinator>();
+        builder.Services.AddSingleton<V2rayRuntime>();
+        builder.Services.Configure<HostOptions>(options => options.ShutdownTimeout = RuntimeShutdownBudgets.HostShutdown);
+        builder.Services.AddHostedService<V2rayHostedService>(services =>
+            new V2rayHostedService(
+                services.GetRequiredService<V2rayRuntime>(),
+                services.GetRequiredService<WebAuthService>()));
+        builder.Services.AddSingleton(webAuth);
+        builder.Services.AddSingleton<WebSessionService>();
+        builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(WebAuthRateLimiting.Configure);
+        builder.Services.ConfigureHttpJsonOptions(options =>
+            options.SerializerOptions.Converters.Add(new JsonStringEnumConverter(JsonNamingPolicy.CamelCase)));
+
+        var app = builder.Build();
+        var runtime = app.Services.GetRequiredService<V2rayRuntime>();
+        app.UseMiddleware<WebSecurityHeadersMiddleware>();
+        app.UseMiddleware<WebAuthRequestBodyLimitMiddleware>();
+        app.UseRouting();
+        app.UseMiddleware<WebOriginGuardMiddleware>();
+        app.UseCors(WebCorsPolicy.PolicyName); // OPTIONS must complete before session auth.
+        app.UseRateLimiter();
+
+        app.UseMiddleware<WebSessionAuthenticationMiddleware>();
+
+        app.Use(async (context, next) =>
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                await next();
+            }
+            catch (BadHttpRequestException exception) when (context.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/api") && !context.Response.HasStarted)
+            {
+                app.Logger.LogInformation(exception, "Invalid API request.");
+                var isPayloadTooLarge = exception.StatusCode == StatusCodes.Status413PayloadTooLarge;
+                context.Response.StatusCode = isPayloadTooLarge ? StatusCodes.Status413PayloadTooLarge : StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest;
+                await context.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(ApiEnvelope<object>.Fail(
+                    isPayloadTooLarge ? "payload_too_large" : "request_invalid",
+                    ApiMessageKeys.CommonInvalidInput));
+            }
+            catch (JsonException exception) when (context.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/api") && !context.Response.HasStarted)
+            {
+                app.Logger.LogInformation(exception, "Invalid API JSON payload.");
+                context.Response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest;
+                await context.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(ApiEnvelope<object>.Fail("json_invalid", ApiMessageKeys.CommonInvalidInput));
+            }
+            catch (OperationCanceledException) when (context.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/api") && !context.Response.HasStarted)
+            {
+                context.Response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status503ServiceUnavailable;
+            }
+            catch (Exception exception) when (context.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/api") && !context.Response.HasStarted)
+            {
+                app.Logger.LogError(exception, "Unhandled API request failure.");
+                context.Response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status500InternalServerError;
+                await context.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(ApiEnvelope<object>.Fail("internal_error", ApiMessageKeys.CommonInternal));
+            }
+        });
+
+        app.Use(async (context, next) =>
+        {
+            if (!context.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/api")
+                || context.Request.Path == "/api/health"
+                || context.Request.Path == "/api/events"
+                || context.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/api/setup")
+                || context.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/api/auth"))
+            {
+                await next();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var path = context.Request.Path.Value?.TrimEnd('/') ?? string.Empty;
+            var leaseKind = RuntimeRequestOperationPolicy.Classify(context.Request.Method, path);
+            if (leaseKind == RuntimeRequestOperationKind.Background)
+            {
+                await next();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var operations = context.RequestServices.GetRequiredService<RuntimeOperationCoordinator>();
+            await using var operation = leaseKind switch
+            {
+                RuntimeRequestOperationKind.Exclusive => await operations.EnterExclusiveAsync(context.RequestAborted),
+                RuntimeRequestOperationKind.ExclusiveReadOnly => await operations.EnterExclusiveAsync(
+                    context.RequestAborted,
+                    allowReadOnlyObservations: true),
+                RuntimeRequestOperationKind.Observation => await operations.EnterObservationAsync(context.RequestAborted),
+                _ => await operations.EnterOperationAsync(context.RequestAborted),
+            };
+            context.RequestAborted = operation.Token;
+            await next();
+        });
+
+        app.MapWebApi();
+        app.MapWebAuthEndpoints();
+        app.MapWebSetupEndpoints();
+        app.MapFallback("/api/{**path}", () =>
+            Results.NotFound(ApiEnvelope<object>.Fail("route_not_found", ApiMessageKeys.CommonRouteNotFound)));
+
+        if (showForegroundPrompt)
+        {
+            var (_, apiUri) = GetLauncherUris(builder.Configuration);
+            if (apiUri is not null)
+            {
+                var displayUri = apiUri.ToString();
+                app.Lifetime.ApplicationStarted.Register(() =>
+                    Console.Out.WriteLine(LauncherMessages.ForegroundStarted(displayUri, GetLauncherLocale())));
+            }
+        }
+
+        await app.RunAsync();
+        return new WebHostRunResult(0, runtime.RestoreAndRestartRequested, runtime.NativeRestoreReplacement);
+    }
+
+    private static void WriteNativeRestartDiagnostic(string message, bool success = false, int? processId = null)
+    {
+        var line = $"{DateTimeOffset.UtcNow:O} {(success ? "INFO" : "ERROR")} {message}"
+            + (processId.HasValue ? $" ProcessId={processId.Value}." : string.Empty)
+            + Environment.NewLine;
+        if (!success) Console.Error.WriteLine(message);
+        try
+        {
+            var path = Utils.GetLogPath("native-restore-restart.log");
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(Path.GetDirectoryName(path)!);
+            File.AppendAllText(path, line);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            if (!success) Console.Error.WriteLine($"Could not persist the native restart diagnostic: {exception.Message}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed record WebHostRunResult(
+        int ExitCode,
+        bool RestoreAndRestartRequested,
+        NativeWebRestoreReplacement? NativeRestoreReplacement);
+
+    private static void PrepareDataScope()
+    {
+        var dataHome = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("V2RAYN_DATA_HOME");
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(dataHome))
+        {
+            var fullDataHome = Path.GetFullPath(dataHome);
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(fullDataHome);
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("XDG_DATA_HOME", fullDataHome);
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(Global.LocalAppData, "1");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!Utils.HasWritePermission())
+        {
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(Global.LocalAppData, "1");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string GetInstanceLockPath() =>
+        Path.Combine(Utils.StartupPath(), "v2rayN.WebAPI.instance.lock");
+
+    internal static (Uri? HealthUri, Uri? ApiUri) GetLauncherUris(IConfiguration configuration)
+    {
+        if (WebProbeUriResolver.TryResolve(configuration, out var endpoints))
+        {
+            return (endpoints.HealthUri, endpoints.ApiUri);
+        }
+
+        // Never guess a loopback address or port: a probe that does not match the
+        // configured listeners would verify (or stop) the wrong process.
+        return (null, null);
+    }
+
+    private static Dictionary<string, string?> ReadEnvironment() =>
+        LauncherEnvironment.ReadCurrentEnvironment();
+
+    private static LauncherLocale GetLauncherLocale()
+    {
+        var environment = ReadEnvironment();
+        return LauncherMessages.ResolveLocale(
+            environment.GetValueOrDefault("LC_ALL"),
+            environment.GetValueOrDefault("LC_MESSAGES"),
+            environment.GetValueOrDefault("LANG"),
+            CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture.Name);
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Properties/AssemblyInfo.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+
+[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("v2rayN.WebAPI.Tests")]

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+# v2rayN.WebAPI
+
+`v2rayN.WebAPI` is a headless ASP.NET Core host for v2rayN's existing `ServiceLib`. It exposes
+REST APIs, authenticated SSE/runtime events, setup and sessions, settings and options,
+profiles/subscriptions, routing and DNS, backups, updates, and the existing Core runtime bridge.
+It runs without a browser or desktop session. The API has no dependency on
+Vue, React, Vite, Node.js, npm, or any frontend manifest.
+
+The API only serves API endpoints; it does not host, inspect, or configure a WebUI.
+An independent WebUI or other HTTP client manages its own hosting and configuration.
+
+## Start the API
+
+For a native install, unpack the API release ZIP and start the executable from its install
+directory:
+
+```sh
+cp .env.example .env
+chmod 600 .env
+# Set V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY in .env for supervised, container, or remote deployments.
+./v2rayN.WebAPI --foreground --no-open
+```
+
+On Linux, a terminal launch without flags starts the API in the background, detached from the
+terminal, and prints its health endpoint. `--foreground` keeps it attached and stops it safely with
+Ctrl+C, `--stop` stops the instance running for the same data directory, and `--help` prints every
+option together with the common environment variables; `--no-open` suppresses the browser opener.
+Detached children and later helper processes keep the launch context, so an instance started from a
+terminal is never mistaken for a systemd-managed service (systemd exports `INVOCATION_ID` /
+`JOURNAL_STREAM` to everything launched from such a terminal).
+
+The default listener is `http://127.0.0.1:5080`. A local native install may temporarily leave
+`V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY` empty when **all** listeners are loopback (`127.0.0.1`, `localhost`, or
+`[::1]`), then complete first-run setup through a direct loopback API client.
+
+For LAN / NAS / headless / container / systemd deployments, preconfigure
+`V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY`. Systemd and containers require it even on loopback. Any non-loopback
+listener (including `0.0.0.0`, `[::]`, wildcard/hostname bindings, and LAN IPs) fails startup
+without this environment Key, even if a Key was previously saved through local setup.
+The check uses the effective ASP.NET Core configuration, including `ASPNETCORE_URLS`,
+command-line `--urls`, `ASPNETCORE_HTTP_PORTS` / `ASPNETCORE_HTTPS_PORTS` (wildcard bindings),
+and `Kestrel:Endpoints`, respecting their precedence. With multiple URLs, one non-loopback
+listener is enough to require a Key; request Host headers never determine exposure.
+For remote access, set a Key before selecting e.g. `ASPNETCORE_URLS=http://0.0.0.0:5080`.
+Protect it with a firewall/VPN or an HTTPS reverse proxy; do not expose it directly to the Internet.
+
+`GET /api/health` is a non-sensitive health probe. After authentication, `GET /api/status`
+reports the running Backend version, commit, runtime identifier, and runtime capability fields.
+The API option endpoints (including `/api/editor-options` and DNS editor options) are authoritative
+for values derived from ServiceLib; clients should consume these instead of copying enums or
+option lists.
+
+## Authentication
+
+- `V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY` is the Management Key. Exchange it only at `POST /api/auth/login`.
+- Use the returned session token as `Authorization: Bearer <session-token>` for protected REST
+  endpoints. The Management Key is not a REST or SSE bearer token.
+- `POST /api/auth/sse-ticket` returns a short-lived, one-time ticket for `/api/events`.
+- Setup, login rate limits, session expiry/revocation, LAN/setup policy, DNS rebinding checks,
+  and API authorization remain Backend-owned and apply equally to every client.
+- The API never enables wildcard CORS. Client hosting and configuration are independent.
+
+## Browser/client origins and strict CORS
+
+An independently hosted browser client can connect directly to this API:
+
+```ini
+V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY=<your-management-key>
+V2RAYN_WEB_ALLOWED_ORIGINS=https://client.example.com,https://another.example.com
+```
+
+Unset/empty origins deny cross-origin API requests. Entries must be exact HTTP(S) origins
+(scheme, host and port); paths, queries, fragments, credentials, empty list entries and wildcard
+hosts are rejected at startup. Default ports are normalized. `https://good.example.com.evil.com`
+does not match `https://good.example.com`. No forwarding headers are used to determine origin.
+
+The origin guard rejects disallowed `Origin` requests before rate limiting, session authorization,
+SSE-ticket consumption or mutations. Origin-less native clients and same-origin clients retain
+their existing behavior and still require session Bearer authentication for protected endpoints.
+Allowed-origin OPTIONS preflights complete before session authorization. CORS supports GET,
+HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE and OPTIONS, `Authorization` / `Content-Type`, and exposes only
+`Content-Disposition` for downloads. It does not enable credentials, cookies, wildcard origins
+or blanket private-network preflight bypasses. SSE tickets and `/api/events` use the same policy.
+The allowlist grants browser access, not authentication; trust every allowed browser/client origin.
+
+A same-origin browser behind a TLS/path-prefix reverse proxy retains REST access even when
+Kestrel sees an internal HTTP URL: browser-controlled `Sec-Fetch-Site: same-origin` identifies
+that case. It does not grant CORS response headers, setup access or internal health diagnostics.
+Same-site/cross-site browser requests still require an exact allowed origin. Native clients
+cannot gain privileges by forging this header: they already have origin-less access and still
+must authenticate with the same Management Key/session model.
+
+First-run setup remains **direct loopback + localhost/loopback Host + no forwarding headers**,
+and additionally requires same-origin (or an origin-less native request). Allowed CORS origins
+cannot initialize a Management Key. `/api/setup/status` remains public and reports
+`setupAllowedFromThisRequest=false` for standalone clients. LAN/remote/supervised deployment
+must configure `V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY` before startup. The historical private-network setup branch
+was removed to align with the local-only initialization policy.
+
+HTTPS public dashboards connecting to HTTP localhost/LAN remain subject to browser Local
+Network Access permissions and mixed-content restrictions. CORS cannot override them; verify
+REST and native EventSource in the target browser. Some browsers block HTTP LAN even with
+permission; use an HTTPS API or a same-origin reverse proxy. Never expose an unauthenticated/wildcard
+listener or disable the existing listener/Management Key policies to work around browser limits.
+
+Non-API paths, including `GET /`, return 404. The launcher opens the API health endpoint,
+not a client application. API packages contain no frontend installation directory or placeholder.
+
+## Prerelease update preferences
+
+Update checks and installs default to each target's entry in `CheckPreReleaseCoreTypes`;
+the API self-update target is `v2rayN.WebAPI`, independent of Desktop's `v2rayN` and Core targets.
+A missing list or entry defaults to stable releases. An explicit `preRelease=true` or `false`
+overrides the preference only for that request; batches use each target's own preference.
+
+`GET /api/core-updates` returns `checkPreReleaseCoreTypes`. Pass this list to
+`PUT /api/core-updates/settings` to save independent preferences (an empty list disables them).
+Targets not exposed by this updater retain their stored preferences. For older clients that
+omit the list, `preRelease` still applies to all exposed prerelease-capable targets, including
+`v2rayN.WebAPI`; the response's legacy `preRelease` flag reflects the Web target's preference.
+
+## Build and test the Backend
+
+Requires the .NET 10 SDK. No Node.js or npm is used by the Backend build, tests, native publish,
+Containerfile, or API release packaging.
+
+```sh
+bash Scripts/publish-native.sh linux-x64   # also linux-arm64 / linux-riscv64 / linux-loongarch64
+bash Scripts/verify.sh
+```
+
+`Scripts/verify.sh` builds and tests the Backend, runs ServiceLib tests, checks startup/security,
+and exercises API ZIP/self-update package boundaries and real different-layout Linux update,
+rollback and invalid-executable rejection. Integration tests live under `Tests/Integration/`
+(security defaults, release packaging dry-run, full-ZIP runtime, native update regression, and
+the Windows smoke: `Test-Windows.ps1 -Mode startup|update`). The independent `build-WebAPI.yml`
+workflow runs these checks, Windows x64/ARM64 build/startup smoke (the self-update
+replacement/rollback smoke stays on win-x64), native Linux builds, and Linux container builds on
+relevant PRs and pushes to `master`; it can also be dispatched manually or called by a release
+workflow. Releases include Linux x64/ARM64/RISC-V 64/LoongArch 64 and Windows x64/ARM64 packages;
+Linux containers are built for amd64 and arm64.
+
+`Tests/Integration/test-native-update-identity.py <previous-publish-dir> <candidate-publish-dir>`
+additionally exercises real native helper replacement and health-mismatch rollback with two
+distinct versions, isolated data/ports and preserved unrelated file/Core markers. It never uses
+user configuration.
+
+### Native self-update and legacy helpers
+
+The update worker runs from a GUID-named copy of the current executable beside the installation
+(owner-only permissions on Linux). This keeps its single-file bundle path unchanged during
+replacement and rollback: .NET loads dependencies lazily, and replacing a running helper's own
+executable with a different bundle layout can break later assembly loads. On Linux the outer
+helper waits for the worker, propagates its result, and removes the copy; on Windows the detached
+helper waits for the prior process and schedules its own copy for deletion after exit. Configuration
+and data paths remain unchanged.
+
+`Tests/Integration/test-native-update-regression.sh <native-publish-directory>` deliberately
+changes the candidate's bundle layout with test-only assembly metadata; version-only fixtures can
+conceal this failure. It checks actual replacement, rollback, invalid-executable rejection and
+worker cleanup, and is included in `Scripts/verify.sh`.
+
+**Linux builds predating helper isolation need a one-time manual reinstall.** Their already-running
+old helper cannot gain this fix from the candidate package. Stop the instance, back up the
+executable, build identity, data and `.env`, and install the corrected API package. For a failed
+legacy update, retain the previous-application backup and verify the restored application's
+health before discarding it. Systemd/container deployments remain check-only and use redeploy.
+
+## Pre-merge product rename and update migration
+
+The directory, project file, namespace, assembly/executable, embedded resource names, build
+identity file/product and updater target are now `v2rayN.WebAPI`. Launcher/update helpers,
+native/package scripts, Containerfile, solution registration, CI and tests use that identity.
+The lock is `v2rayN.WebAPI.instance.lock`; the build identity is `v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json`;
+health headers are `X-v2rayn-WebAPI-*`; the update capability is `WebAPI.self-update`; update
+progress/runtime-state files are `WebAPI-update-progress.json` and
+`WebAPI-update-runtime-state.json`; workflow files are `build-WebAPI.yml` and
+`release-WebAPI.yml`.
+
+**Old experimental `v2rayN.Web` installs require a one-time manual reinstall.** Stop the old
+instance first (including its systemd/container supervisor), back up data and `.env`, install
+the new full package, update ExecStart/container entrypoint, and restore the retained data.
+Do not run the two executables against the same data directory. There is no cross-name update
+helper, executable alias or silent in-place migration. Old-product manifests/packages are not
+accepted by the new updater; new `WebAPI → WebAPI` updates preserve the transactional helper,
+health/PID/lock checks, atomic replacement/rollback and executable/Core/data boundaries.
+Package staging checks Linux ELF64 headers/program tables (x86-64, AArch64, RISC-V, LoongArch) or
+Windows PE32+ headers (AMD64, ARM64) against the declared RID before replacement; a script,
+truncated image, or wrong-architecture candidate cannot reach shutdown/swap merely by carrying
+the correct JSON identity.
+
+API-owned `SelectedCoreTypes` and `CheckPreReleaseCoreTypes` entries `v2rayN.Web` are normalized
+to `v2rayN.WebAPI` at startup; legacy settings payloads are also normalized. Desktop/Core/hidden
+preferences are preserved. This migrates preferences, not the executable or package identity.
+
+Intentional compatibility names remain: `V2RAYN_WEB_*` configuration (including the Management
+Key and allowed-origin variables), `WebVersion`/`WebCommit`/`WebBuildDate`/`WebRepository` build metadata,
+`webVersion` and related status fields, the `/api/web-updates` routes, generic Web host/security
+class names, existing systemd unit / install-path examples, and the legacy `guiConfigs/web-auth.json`
+location that `WebAuthStorage` migrates to `WebAPIData/WebAPI-auth.json`. These are not stale
+executable assumptions.
+
+## Releases and containers
+
+`build-all.yml` ("release all platforms") dispatches the desktop platform workflows and calls
+`release-WebAPI.yml`; the WebAPI packages ride the same `upload-sign.yml` path and land in the same
+release as the desktop assets. `release-WebAPI.yml` can also be dispatched directly with a
+`release_tag` (`x.y.z`) to call `build-WebAPI.yml`, assemble and validate the Linux and Windows
+WebAPI assets, then sign and upload them through the existing `upload-sign.yml` workflow. Signing
+uses the repository GPG key, so a fork that runs this flow publishes with its own
+`GPG_PRIVATE_KEY` secret. `build-WebAPI.yml` can also be dispatched with a tag for package-only
+verification. Web release orchestration and artifact names are RID-based, separately from
+containers and Desktop workflows. riscv64 builds on RISC-V runners with the community .NET SDK;
+loongarch64 builds inside the QEMU loong64 VM with the official Loongson SDK; both run a native
+smoke before packaging. Windows x64/ARM64 have full-install and app-only update ZIPs; Windows
+containers are not built.
+
+The API release provides architecture-specific full-install and app-only update ZIPs plus
+`WebAPI-update.json`:
+
+- `v2rayN-linux-64-WebAPI.zip` / `v2rayN-linux-arm64-WebAPI.zip` / `v2rayN-linux-riscv64-WebAPI.zip`
+  / `v2rayN-linux-loong64-WebAPI.zip` — API, runtime files, `.env.example`, and Core bundle.
+- `v2rayN-linux-64-WebAPI-update.zip` / `v2rayN-linux-arm64-WebAPI-update.zip` /
+  `v2rayN-linux-riscv64-WebAPI-update.zip` / `v2rayN-linux-loong64-WebAPI-update.zip` — API
+  executable and build identity only; user data, Core files, credentials, and unrelated files are
+  excluded.
+- `v2rayN-windows-64-WebAPI.zip` / `v2rayN-windows-arm64-WebAPI.zip` — Windows API, runtime/Core
+  files, and `.env.example`.
+- `v2rayN-windows-64-WebAPI-update.zip` / `v2rayN-windows-arm64-WebAPI-update.zip` — Windows API
+  executable and build identity only; user data, Core files, credentials, and unrelated files are
+  excluded.
+- `WebAPI-update.json` — version, commit, per-RID asset names, sizes, and SHA-256 digests. A RID
+  entry a build does not recognize is ignored instead of rejecting the manifest.
+
+For Docker/Podman, the included `Containerfile` builds only the API and Core runtime.
+The Compose example requires a non-empty Management Key.
+
+See [`FEATURE-MAP.md`](FEATURE-MAP.md) for the current ServiceLib/API feature boundary.

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/fetch-core-bundle.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+set -eu
+
+if [ "$#" -ne 2 ]; then
+  echo "Usage: $0 <linux-x64|linux-arm64|linux-riscv64|linux-loongarch64> <destination-bin-directory>" >&2
+  exit 2
+fi
+
+rid="$1"
+destination="$2"
+
+case "$rid" in
+  linux-x64) bundle="v2rayN-linux-64" ;;
+  linux-arm64) bundle="v2rayN-linux-arm64" ;;
+  linux-riscv64) bundle="v2rayN-linux-riscv64" ;;
+  linux-loongarch64) bundle="v2rayN-linux-loong64" ;;
+  *)
+    echo "Unsupported runtime identifier: $rid" >&2
+    exit 2
+    ;;
+esac
+
+temporary_directory="$(mktemp -d)"
+trap 'rm -rf "$temporary_directory"' EXIT HUP INT TERM
+
+bundle_url="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/2dust/v2rayN-core-bin/refs/heads/master/$bundle.zip"
+curl --fail --location --retry 3 --retry-delay 2 --silent --show-error \
+  --output "$temporary_directory/core-bundle.zip" "$bundle_url"
+unzip -q "$temporary_directory/core-bundle.zip" -d "$temporary_directory/unpacked"
+
+source_bin="$temporary_directory/unpacked/$bundle/bin"
+# These files are sanity checks for the current upstream payload, never an allowlist.
+for required_file in \
+  xray/xray \
+  sing_box/sing-box \
+  mihomo/mihomo \
+  Country.mmdb \
+  geoip-only-cn-private.dat \
+  geoip.dat \
+  geoip.metadb \
+  geosite.dat \
+  srss/geoip-cn.srs \
+  srss/geosite-cn.srs \
+  srss/geosite-category-ads-all.srs; do
+  if [ ! -f "$source_bin/$required_file" ]; then
+    echo "Core bundle is missing required asset: $required_file" >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+done
+# The cronet payload is only present in the x64/arm64 bundles.
+if [ "$rid" = "linux-x64" ] || [ "$rid" = "linux-arm64" ]; then
+  if [ ! -f "$source_bin/sing_box/libcronet.so" ]; then
+    echo "Core bundle is missing required asset: sing_box/libcronet.so" >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+fi
+
+mkdir -p "$destination"
+# Preserve the complete official bin/ tree, including future upstream assets and Cores.
+cp -a "$source_bin/." "$destination/"
+chmod 755 \
+  "$destination/xray/xray" \
+  "$destination/sing_box/sing-box" \
+  "$destination/mihomo/mihomo"
+if [ -f "$destination/sing_box/libcronet.so" ]; then
+  chmod 644 "$destination/sing_box/libcronet.so"
+fi
+
+printf 'Integrated complete upstream %s Core/data bin payload into %s\n' "$rid" "$destination"

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/publish-native.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+web_root="$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/.." && pwd)"
+upstream_root="$(dirname -- "$web_root")"
+repo_root="$(dirname -- "$upstream_root")"
+rid="${1:-linux-x64}"
+output_dir="${2:-$web_root/publish/$rid}"
+
+dotnet="${DOTNET:-}"
+if [[ "$dotnet" != */* && -n "$dotnet" ]]; then
+  dotnet="$(command -v "$dotnet" || true)"
+fi
+if [[ -z "$dotnet" ]]; then
+  if [[ -x "$web_root/.NET/dotnet" ]]; then
+    dotnet="$web_root/.NET/dotnet"
+  else
+    dotnet="$(command -v dotnet || true)"
+  fi
+fi
+if [[ -z "$dotnet" || ! -x "$dotnet" ]]; then
+  printf 'Required build tool is not available: dotnet (expected .NET/dotnet or PATH)\n' >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+case "$rid" in
+  linux-x64|linux-arm64|linux-riscv64|linux-loongarch64) ;;
+  *) printf 'Supported runtime identifiers: linux-x64, linux-arm64, linux-riscv64, linux-loongarch64 (received %s)\n' "$rid" >&2; exit 2 ;;
+esac
+
+export NUGET_PACKAGES="${NUGET_PACKAGES:-$web_root/.packages/nuget}"
+# Official release builds pass the upstream release tag (for example 7.25.4) so the Web
+# build identity follows the same version as the v2rayN Release. Local builds keep a dev identity.
+web_version="${V2RAYN_WEB_VERSION:-0.0.0-dev}"
+web_repository="${V2RAYN_WEB_REPOSITORY:-${GITHUB_REPOSITORY:-2dust/v2rayN}}"
+web_commit="${V2RAYN_WEB_COMMIT:-$(git -C "$repo_root" rev-parse HEAD 2>/dev/null || printf unknown)}"
+web_build_date="${V2RAYN_WEB_BUILD_DATE:-$(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)}"
+if [[ ! "$web_version" =~ ^(0|[1-9][0-9]*)\.(0|[1-9][0-9]*)\.(0|[1-9][0-9]*)(-[0-9A-Za-z.-]+)?$ ]]; then
+  printf 'Invalid Web version identity: %s\n' "$web_version" >&2
+  exit 2
+fi
+if [[ ! "$web_repository" =~ ^[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9-]*/[A-Za-z0-9_.-]+$ ]]; then
+  printf 'Invalid Web release repository: %s\n' "$web_repository" >&2
+  exit 2
+fi
+
+"$dotnet" publish "$web_root/v2rayN.WebAPI.csproj" \
+  --configuration Release \
+  --runtime "$rid" \
+  --self-contained true \
+  -p:PublishSingleFile=true \
+  -p:IncludeNativeLibrariesForSelfExtract=true \
+  -p:WebVersion="$web_version" \
+  -p:WebCommit="$web_commit" \
+  -p:WebBuildDate="$web_build_date" \
+  -p:WebRepository="$web_repository" \
+  --output "$output_dir"
+
+python3 - "$output_dir/v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json" "$web_version" "$web_commit" "$web_build_date" "$rid" <<'PY'
+import json
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+path, version, commit, build_date, rid = sys.argv[1:]
+Path(path).write_text(json.dumps({
+    "product": "v2rayN.WebAPI",
+    "version": version,
+    "commit": commit,
+    "buildDate": build_date,
+    "rid": rid,
+}, separators=(",", ":")) + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
+PY
+test -x "$output_dir/v2rayN.WebAPI"
+printf 'Native publish ready: %s (version %s, repository %s)\n' "$output_dir/v2rayN.WebAPI" "$web_version" "$web_repository"

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/verify.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+web_root="$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/.." && pwd)"
+upstream_root="$(dirname -- "$web_root")"
+output_dir="${1:-$web_root/publish/verify-linux-x64}"
+
+dotnet="${DOTNET:-}"
+if [[ "$dotnet" != */* && -n "$dotnet" ]]; then
+  dotnet="$(command -v "$dotnet" || true)"
+fi
+if [[ -z "$dotnet" ]]; then
+  if [[ -x "$web_root/.NET/dotnet" ]]; then
+    dotnet="$web_root/.NET/dotnet"
+  else
+    dotnet="$(command -v dotnet || true)"
+  fi
+fi
+if [[ -z "$dotnet" || ! -x "$dotnet" ]]; then
+  printf 'Required build tool is not available: dotnet (expected .NET/dotnet or PATH)\n' >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+export NUGET_PACKAGES="${NUGET_PACKAGES:-$web_root/.packages/nuget}"
+
+"$dotnet" restore "$web_root/v2rayN.WebAPI.csproj"
+"$dotnet" restore "$web_root/Tests/v2rayN.WebAPI.Tests.csproj"
+"$dotnet" restore "$upstream_root/ServiceLib.Tests/ServiceLib.Tests.csproj"
+"$dotnet" build "$web_root/v2rayN.WebAPI.csproj" --configuration Release --no-restore
+"$dotnet" test --project "$web_root/Tests/v2rayN.WebAPI.Tests.csproj" --configuration Release --no-restore
+"$dotnet" test --project "$upstream_root/ServiceLib.Tests/ServiceLib.Tests.csproj" --configuration Release --no-restore
+bash "$web_root/Scripts/publish-native.sh" linux-x64 "$output_dir"
+test -x "$output_dir/v2rayN.WebAPI"
+bash "$web_root/Tests/Integration/test-startup-security.sh" "$output_dir/v2rayN.WebAPI"
+bash "$web_root/Tests/Integration/test-backup-restore-preflight.sh" "$output_dir/v2rayN.WebAPI"
+bash "$web_root/Tests/Integration/test-release-packaging.sh"
+smoke_dir="$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/v2rayn-api-package-smoke.XXXXXX")"
+trap 'rm -rf "$smoke_dir"' EXIT HUP INT TERM
+mkdir -p "$smoke_dir/package/bin"
+cp "$output_dir/v2rayN.WebAPI" "$output_dir/v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json" \
+  "$web_root/.env.example" "$smoke_dir/package/"
+touch "$smoke_dir/package/bin/.keep"
+python3 - "$smoke_dir/package" "$smoke_dir/v2rayN-api-smoke.zip" <<'PY'
+from pathlib import Path
+import sys
+import zipfile
+
+root, archive_path = map(Path, sys.argv[1:])
+with zipfile.ZipFile(archive_path, "w", compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as archive:
+    for path in sorted(root.rglob("*")):
+        if path.is_file():
+            archive.write(path, path.relative_to(root).as_posix())
+PY
+bash "$web_root/Tests/Integration/test-full-zip-runtime.sh" "$smoke_dir/v2rayN-api-smoke.zip"
+bash "$web_root/Tests/Integration/test-native-update-regression.sh" "$output_dir"
+printf 'WebAPI verification passed; native publish ready: %s\n' "$output_dir/v2rayN.WebAPI"

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/web-release-assets.py

@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Package the headless v2rayN Web API release ZIPs and report their asset names.
+
+The RID-to-asset map lives in `../Assets/web-assets.json`. The Web assembly embeds the same
+file, so the runtime updater, the release manifest, and this packager never disagree about the
+release asset names:
+
+  linux-x64        -> v2rayN-linux-64-WebAPI.zip        + v2rayN-linux-64-WebAPI-update.zip
+  linux-arm64      -> v2rayN-linux-arm64-WebAPI.zip     + v2rayN-linux-arm64-WebAPI-update.zip
+  linux-riscv64    -> v2rayN-linux-riscv64-WebAPI.zip   + v2rayN-linux-riscv64-WebAPI-update.zip
+  linux-loongarch64-> v2rayN-linux-loong64-WebAPI.zip   + v2rayN-linux-loong64-WebAPI-update.zip
+  win-x64          -> v2rayN-windows-64-WebAPI.zip      + v2rayN-windows-64-WebAPI-update.zip
+  win-arm64        -> v2rayN-windows-arm64-WebAPI.zip   + v2rayN-windows-arm64-WebAPI-update.zip
+
+Usage:
+  web-release-assets.py get --rid linux-x64 --field full
+  web-release-assets.py package --rid linux-x64 --publish publish/linux-x64 --dist dist
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+import shutil
+import stat
+import sys
+import zipfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+SCRIPT_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+ASSET_MAP_PATH = SCRIPT_DIR.parent / "Assets" / "web-assets.json"
+FIXED_TIME = (1980, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
+BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME = "v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json"
+ENVIRONMENT_FILE_NAMES = frozenset((".env", ".env.example"))
+EXECUTABLE_NAMES = {
+    "linux-x64": "v2rayN.WebAPI",
+    "linux-arm64": "v2rayN.WebAPI",
+    "linux-riscv64": "v2rayN.WebAPI",
+    "linux-loongarch64": "v2rayN.WebAPI",
+    "win-x64": "v2rayN.WebAPI.exe",
+    "win-arm64": "v2rayN.WebAPI.exe",
+}
+REQUIRED_FILES = {
+    "linux-x64": (
+        "v2rayN.WebAPI", BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME, "bin/sing_box/libcronet.so", "bin/geosite.dat",
+        "bin/geoip.dat", "bin/geoip.metadb", "bin/Country.mmdb", "bin/srss/geosite-category-ads-all.srs",
+    ),
+    "linux-arm64": (
+        "v2rayN.WebAPI", BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME, "bin/sing_box/libcronet.so", "bin/geosite.dat",
+        "bin/geoip.dat", "bin/geoip.metadb", "bin/Country.mmdb", "bin/srss/geosite-category-ads-all.srs",
+    ),
+    "linux-riscv64": (
+        "v2rayN.WebAPI", BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME, "bin/geosite.dat",
+        "bin/geoip.dat", "bin/geoip.metadb", "bin/Country.mmdb", "bin/srss/geosite-category-ads-all.srs",
+    ),
+    "linux-loongarch64": (
+        "v2rayN.WebAPI", BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME, "bin/geosite.dat",
+        "bin/geoip.dat", "bin/geoip.metadb", "bin/Country.mmdb", "bin/srss/geosite-category-ads-all.srs",
+    ),
+    "win-x64": (
+        "v2rayN.WebAPI.exe", BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME, "bin/xray/xray.exe", "bin/sing_box/sing-box.exe",
+        "bin/mihomo/mihomo.exe", "bin/geosite.dat", "bin/geoip.dat", "bin/geoip.metadb", "bin/Country.mmdb",
+    ),
+    "win-arm64": (
+        "v2rayN.WebAPI.exe", BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME, "bin/xray/xray.exe", "bin/sing_box/sing-box.exe",
+        "bin/mihomo/mihomo.exe", "bin/geosite.dat", "bin/geoip.dat", "bin/geoip.metadb", "bin/Country.mmdb",
+    ),
+}
+LINUX_REQUIRED_EXECUTABLES = ("bin/xray/xray", "bin/sing_box/sing-box", "bin/mihomo/mihomo")
+WINDOWS_REQUIRED_EXECUTABLES = (
+    "v2rayN.WebAPI.exe", "bin/xray/xray.exe", "bin/sing_box/sing-box.exe", "bin/mihomo/mihomo.exe",
+)
+BLOCK_SIZE = 1024 * 1024
+
+
+def is_windows_rid(rid: str) -> bool:
+    return rid.startswith("win-")
+
+
+def fail(message: str) -> None:
+    print(f"web release assets error: {message}", file=sys.stderr)
+    raise SystemExit(1)
+
+
+def load_assets() -> dict[str, dict[str, str]]:
+    try:
+        data = json.loads(ASSET_MAP_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+    except (OSError, json.JSONDecodeError) as exc:
+        fail(f"could not read {ASSET_MAP_PATH}: {exc}")
+    if not isinstance(data, dict) or not isinstance(data.get("assets"), list):
+        fail(f"{ASSET_MAP_PATH} is missing its assets list")
+    assets: dict[str, dict[str, str]] = {}
+    for entry in data["assets"]:
+        if not isinstance(entry, dict):
+            fail(f"{ASSET_MAP_PATH} contains a non-object asset entry")
+        values = (entry.get("rid"), entry.get("arch"), entry.get("full"), entry.get("update"))
+        if not all(isinstance(value, str) and value for value in values) or values[0] in assets:
+            fail(f"{ASSET_MAP_PATH} contains an invalid or duplicate asset entry")
+        assets[values[0]] = {"arch": values[1], "full": values[2], "update": values[3]}
+    if not assets:
+        fail(f"{ASSET_MAP_PATH} contains no assets")
+    return assets
+
+
+def normalize_entry(name: str) -> str:
+    """Normalize an archive entry name the same way the Web runtime package stager does."""
+    if not name or name.startswith("/") or "\\" in name or "\0" in name:
+        fail(f"invalid archive path: {name!r}")
+    segments = [segment for segment in name.split("/") if segment]
+    if not segments or any(segment in (".", "..") or ":" in segment for segment in segments):
+        fail(f"invalid archive path: {name!r}")
+    return "/".join(segments)
+
+
+def collect_tree(root: Path) -> list[tuple[str, Path, str]]:
+    entries: list[tuple[str, Path, str]] = []
+    for current, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(root, followlinks=False):
+        dirnames.sort()
+        filenames.sort()
+        for name in list(dirnames):
+            path = Path(current) / name
+            if path.is_symlink():
+                entries.append((path.relative_to(root).as_posix(), path, "symlink"))
+                dirnames.remove(name)
+        for name in filenames:
+            path = Path(current) / name
+            if path.is_symlink():
+                entries.append((path.relative_to(root).as_posix(), path, "symlink"))
+            elif path.is_file():
+                entries.append((path.relative_to(root).as_posix(), path, "file"))
+            else:
+                fail(f"unsupported file type in the Web package: {path}")
+    return entries
+
+
+def write_file(handle: zipfile.ZipFile, source: Path, arcname: str, mode: int) -> None:
+    info = zipfile.ZipInfo(arcname, date_time=FIXED_TIME)
+    info.create_system = 3
+    info.external_attr = ((stat.S_IFREG | mode) & 0xFFFF) << 16
+    info.compress_type = zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED
+    with source.open("rb") as reader, handle.open(info, "w") as writer:
+        shutil.copyfileobj(reader, writer, BLOCK_SIZE)
+
+
+def write_symlink(handle: zipfile.ZipFile, target: str, arcname: str) -> None:
+    info = zipfile.ZipInfo(arcname, date_time=FIXED_TIME)
+    info.create_system = 3
+    info.external_attr = (stat.S_IFLNK | 0o777) << 16
+    info.compress_type = zipfile.ZIP_STORED
+    handle.writestr(info, target)
+
+
+def create_full_zip(publish: Path, output: Path, rid: str) -> None:
+    env_example = SCRIPT_DIR.parent / ".env.example"
+    if env_example.is_symlink() or not env_example.is_file():
+        fail(f"full package is missing the source environment example: {env_example}")
+
+    # Only the reviewed template is shipped. A local .env (or another copied template) is
+    # never taken from the publish tree, even if a build tool happened to copy it there.
+    entries = [
+        entry for entry in collect_tree(publish)
+        if not any(segment in ENVIRONMENT_FILE_NAMES for segment in entry[0].split("/"))
+    ]
+    names = {relative for relative, _, _ in entries}
+    for required in REQUIRED_FILES[rid]:
+        if required not in names:
+            fail(f"full package is missing required file: {required}")
+    required_executables = WINDOWS_REQUIRED_EXECUTABLES if is_windows_rid(rid) else LINUX_REQUIRED_EXECUTABLES
+    for required in required_executables:
+        if required not in names or (not is_windows_rid(rid) and not os.access(publish / required, os.X_OK)):
+            fail(f"full package is missing required executable: {required}")
+    with zipfile.ZipFile(output, "w", compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED, allowZip64=True) as handle:
+        for relative, path, kind in entries:
+            if kind == "symlink":
+                write_symlink(handle, os.readlink(path), relative)
+            else:
+                write_file(handle, path, relative, stat.S_IMODE(path.stat().st_mode))
+        write_file(handle, env_example, ".env.example", 0o644)
+
+
+def create_update_zip(publish: Path, output: Path, rid: str) -> None:
+    executable_name = EXECUTABLE_NAMES[rid]
+    if not (publish / executable_name).is_file() or (not is_windows_rid(rid) and not os.access(publish / executable_name, os.X_OK)):
+        fail(f"app-only package is missing required executable: {executable_name}")
+    entries: list[tuple[str, Path]] = []
+    for name in (executable_name, BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME):
+        path = publish / name
+        if path.is_symlink() or not path.is_file():
+            fail(f"app-only package is missing required file: {name}")
+    entries.append((executable_name, publish / executable_name))
+    entries.append((BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME, publish / BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME))
+
+    with zipfile.ZipFile(output, "w", compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED, allowZip64=True) as handle:
+        for arcname, path in entries:
+            write_file(handle, path, arcname, stat.S_IMODE(path.stat().st_mode))
+    verify_update_zip(output, rid)
+
+
+def verify_update_zip(path: Path, rid: str) -> None:
+    executable_name = EXECUTABLE_NAMES[rid]
+    try:
+        handle = zipfile.ZipFile(path)
+    except (OSError, zipfile.BadZipFile) as exc:
+        fail(f"app-only package {path.name} could not be read: {exc}")
+    with handle:
+        seen: set[str] = set()
+        for info in handle.infolist():
+            if (info.external_attr >> 16) & 0xF000 not in (0, 0x4000, 0x8000):
+                fail(f"app-only package {path.name} contains a link or special entry: {info.filename}")
+            name = normalize_entry(info.filename)
+            if any(segment in ENVIRONMENT_FILE_NAMES for segment in name.split("/")):
+                fail(f"app-only package {path.name} must not contain environment files: {name}")
+            if name in seen:
+                fail(f"app-only package {path.name} contains a duplicate archive path: {name}")
+            seen.add(name)
+            if name not in (executable_name, BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME):
+                fail(f"app-only package {path.name} contains an unexpected entry: {name}")
+        for required in (executable_name, BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME):
+            if required not in seen:
+                fail(f"app-only package {path.name} is missing {required}")
+
+
+def get_command(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+    assets = load_assets()
+    entry = assets.get(args.rid)
+    if entry is None:
+        fail(f"unsupported runtime identifier: {args.rid}")
+    print(entry[args.field])
+
+
+def package_command(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+    assets = load_assets()
+    entry = assets.get(args.rid)
+    if entry is None:
+        fail(f"unsupported runtime identifier: {args.rid}")
+    publish = Path(args.publish)
+    dist = Path(args.dist)
+    if not publish.is_dir():
+        fail(f"publish directory does not exist: {publish}")
+    dist.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    full_archive = dist / entry["full"]
+    update_archive = dist / entry["update"]
+    create_full_zip(publish, full_archive, args.rid)
+    create_update_zip(publish, update_archive, args.rid)
+    print(f"Packaged {full_archive} and {update_archive}")
+
+
+def main(argv: list[str]) -> None:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__, formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter)
+    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest="command", required=True)
+
+    get_parser = subparsers.add_parser("get", help="print a shared release asset name")
+    get_parser.add_argument("--rid", required=True)
+    get_parser.add_argument("--field", required=True, choices=("arch", "full", "update"))
+    get_parser.set_defaults(func=get_command)
+
+    package_parser = subparsers.add_parser("package", help="build the full and app-only release ZIPs")
+    package_parser.add_argument("--rid", required=True)
+    package_parser.add_argument("--publish", required=True)
+    package_parser.add_argument("--dist", required=True)
+    package_parser.set_defaults(func=package_command)
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+    args.func(args)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main(sys.argv[1:])

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Scripts/web-update-manifest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Build or verify the v2rayN WebAPI `WebAPI-update.json` release manifest.
+
+The manifest is published next to the official v2rayN Release assets. Every URL points at the
+official release tag in the repository that produced the assets, so the Web self-update never
+depends on a fork-specific release channel.
+
+Verification also opens each app-only archive and cross-checks its embedded
+`v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json` against the manifest. App-only archives contain only the API executable
+and build identity; unrelated files are neither packaged nor touched by self-update.
+
+Usage:
+  web-update-manifest.py write --version 7.25.4 --repository 2dust/v2rayN --commit <sha> \
+      --build-date 2026-09-28T00:00:00Z --dist dist --output dist/WebAPI-update.json
+  web-update-manifest.py verify --manifest dist/WebAPI-update.json --dist dist [--repository 2dust/v2rayN]
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+import re
+import sys
+import zipfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+PRODUCT = "v2rayN.WebAPI"
+ASSET_MAP_PATH = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "Assets" / "web-assets.json"
+BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME = "v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json"
+APP_EXECUTABLE_NAMES = {
+    "linux-x64": "v2rayN.WebAPI",
+    "linux-arm64": "v2rayN.WebAPI",
+    "linux-riscv64": "v2rayN.WebAPI",
+    "linux-loongarch64": "v2rayN.WebAPI",
+    "win-x64": "v2rayN.WebAPI.exe",
+    "win-arm64": "v2rayN.WebAPI.exe",
+}
+WINDOWS_PE_MACHINES = {
+    "win-x64": 0x8664,
+    "win-arm64": 0xAA64,
+}
+MAX_ARCHIVE_ENTRIES = 10000
+MAX_EXPANDED_ARCHIVE_BYTES = 1024 * 1024 * 1024
+VERSION_RE = re.compile(r"^(0|[1-9][0-9]*)\.(0|[1-9][0-9]*)\.(0|[1-9][0-9]*)$")
+REPOSITORY_RE = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9-]*/[A-Za-z0-9_.-]+$")
+OFFICIAL_URL_RE = re.compile(
+    r"^https://github\.com/[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9-]*/[A-Za-z0-9_.-]+/releases/download/(?P<tag>[^/]+)/(?P<asset>[^/]+)$"
+)
+
+
+def fail(message: str) -> None:
+    print(f"web-update manifest error: {message}", file=sys.stderr)
+    raise SystemExit(1)
+
+
+def load_assets() -> dict[str, dict[str, str]]:
+    """Read the RID-to-asset map shared with the packager and the embedded runtime map."""
+    try:
+        data = json.loads(ASSET_MAP_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+    except (OSError, json.JSONDecodeError) as exc:
+        fail(f"could not read {ASSET_MAP_PATH}: {exc}")
+    if not isinstance(data, dict) or not isinstance(data.get("assets"), list):
+        fail(f"{ASSET_MAP_PATH} is missing its assets list")
+    assets: dict[str, dict[str, str]] = {}
+    for entry in data["assets"]:
+        if not isinstance(entry, dict):
+            fail(f"{ASSET_MAP_PATH} contains a non-object asset entry")
+        values = (entry.get("rid"), entry.get("arch"), entry.get("full"), entry.get("update"))
+        if not all(isinstance(value, str) and value for value in values) or values[0] in assets:
+            fail(f"{ASSET_MAP_PATH} contains an invalid or duplicate asset entry")
+        assets[values[0]] = {"arch": values[1], "full": values[2], "update": values[3]}
+    if not assets:
+        fail(f"{ASSET_MAP_PATH} contains no assets")
+    return assets
+
+
+ASSETS = load_assets()
+
+
+def full_asset_name(rid: str) -> str:
+    return ASSETS[rid]["full"]
+
+
+def app_asset_name(rid: str) -> str:
+    return ASSETS[rid]["update"]
+
+
+def asset_url(repository: str, version: str, asset: str) -> str:
+    return f"https://github.com/{repository}/releases/download/{version}/{asset}"
+
+
+def require_release_files(dist: Path) -> None:
+    for rid in ASSETS:
+        for asset in (full_asset_name(rid), app_asset_name(rid)):
+            path = dist / asset
+            if not path.is_file() or path.stat().st_size == 0:
+                fail(f"release asset is missing or empty: {path}")
+
+
+def normalize_member_path(archive_name: str, member_name: str) -> str:
+    """Normalize an archive entry exactly like the Web runtime package stager does."""
+    if not member_name or member_name.startswith("/") or "\\" in member_name or "\0" in member_name:
+        fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} contains an invalid archive path: {member_name!r}")
+    segments = [segment for segment in member_name.split("/") if segment]
+    if not segments or any(segment in (".", "..") or ":" in segment for segment in segments):
+        fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} contains an invalid archive path: {member_name!r}")
+    return "/".join(segments)
+
+
+def app_member_allowed(path: str, rid: str) -> bool:
+    return path in (APP_EXECUTABLE_NAMES[rid], BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME)
+
+
+def verify_windows_pe(stream, size: int, archive_name: str, expected_machine: int) -> None:
+    if size < 64:
+        fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} does not contain a Windows PE executable")
+    dos_header = stream.read(64)
+    if len(dos_header) != 64 or dos_header[:2] != b"MZ":
+        fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} does not contain a Windows PE executable")
+    pe_offset = int.from_bytes(dos_header[0x3C:0x40], "little")
+    if pe_offset < 64 or pe_offset + 26 > size:
+        fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} has a truncated Windows PE header")
+    stream.seek(pe_offset)
+    pe_header = stream.read(26)
+    if len(pe_header) != 26 or pe_header[:4] != b"PE\0\0":
+        fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} has a truncated Windows PE header")
+    machine = int.from_bytes(pe_header[4:6], "little")
+    sections = int.from_bytes(pe_header[6:8], "little")
+    optional_size = int.from_bytes(pe_header[20:22], "little")
+    characteristics = int.from_bytes(pe_header[22:24], "little")
+    optional_start = pe_offset + 24
+    if (machine != expected_machine or sections == 0 or characteristics & 0x0002 == 0
+            or optional_size < 2 or optional_start + optional_size > size):
+        fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} executable is not a Windows PE32+ image for its declared runtime identifier")
+    if int.from_bytes(pe_header[24:26], "little") != 0x20B:
+        fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} executable is not a Windows PE32+ image for its declared runtime identifier")
+
+
+def verify_app_archive_identity(archive: Path, rid: str, version: str, commit: str, build_date: str) -> None:
+    """Cross-check the app-only ZIP layout and its embedded build identity.
+
+    The archive must only carry the executable and its `v2rayN.WebAPI.build.json` identity. The
+    identity must match the release manifest exactly, mirroring the checks the Web runtime
+    performs before installing a self-update package.
+    """
+    archive_name = archive.name
+    executable_name = APP_EXECUTABLE_NAMES[rid]
+    seen: set[str] = set()
+    identity_bytes: bytes | None = None
+    executable_info: zipfile.ZipInfo | None = None
+    entry_count = 0
+    expanded_bytes = 0
+    try:
+        handle = zipfile.ZipFile(archive)
+    except (OSError, zipfile.BadZipFile) as exc:
+        fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} could not be read: {exc}")
+    with handle:
+        for info in handle.infolist():
+            entry_count += 1
+            if entry_count > MAX_ARCHIVE_ENTRIES:
+                fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} has more than {MAX_ARCHIVE_ENTRIES} entries")
+            path = normalize_member_path(archive_name, info.filename)
+            if path in seen:
+                fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} contains a duplicate archive path: {path}")
+            seen.add(path)
+            if not app_member_allowed(path, rid):
+                fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} contains an entry outside the app-only layout: {path}")
+            unix_type = (info.external_attr >> 16) & 0xF000
+            if unix_type not in (0, 0x4000, 0x8000):
+                fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} contains a link or special entry: {path}")
+            if unix_type == 0x4000 or info.filename.endswith("/"):
+                continue
+            expanded_bytes += info.file_size
+            if expanded_bytes > MAX_EXPANDED_ARCHIVE_BYTES:
+                fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} expands beyond the supported size")
+            if path == BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME:
+                identity_bytes = handle.read(info)
+            elif path == executable_name:
+                executable_info = info
+        if rid in WINDOWS_PE_MACHINES and executable_info is not None:
+            with handle.open(executable_info) as executable_stream:
+                verify_windows_pe(executable_stream, executable_info.file_size, archive_name, WINDOWS_PE_MACHINES[rid])
+
+    for required in (executable_name, BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME):
+        if required not in seen:
+            fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} is missing {required}")
+    if identity_bytes is None:
+        fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} has an unreadable {BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME}")
+    if executable_info is None:
+        fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} has an unreadable {executable_name}")
+    try:
+        identity = json.loads(identity_bytes.decode("utf-8"))
+    except (UnicodeDecodeError, json.JSONDecodeError) as exc:
+        fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} has an invalid {BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME}: {exc}")
+    if not isinstance(identity, dict):
+        fail(f"app-only archive {archive_name} has an invalid {BUILD_IDENTITY_NAME}: expected a JSON object")
+
+    expected = {"product": PRODUCT, "version": version, "commit": commit, "buildDate": build_date, "rid": rid}
+    for field, value in expected.items():
+        actual = identity.get(field)
+        if actual != value:
+            fail(
+                f"app-only archive {archive_name} identity mismatch for {field}: "
+                f"{actual!r} does not match the manifest value {value!r}"
+            )
+
+
+def package_entry(dist: Path, repository: str, version: str, rid: str) -> dict:
+    path = dist / app_asset_name(rid)
+    data = path.read_bytes()
+    return {
+        "rid": rid,
+        "asset": path.name,
+        "url": asset_url(repository, version, path.name),
+        "sha256": hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest(),
+        "size": len(data),
+    }
+
+
+def build_manifest(dist: Path, version: str, repository: str, commit: str, build_date: str) -> dict:
+    if not VERSION_RE.match(version):
+        fail(f"official release versions must be x.y.z, got: {version}")
+    if not REPOSITORY_RE.match(repository):
+        fail(f"invalid release repository: {repository}")
+    if not commit or commit == "unknown":
+        fail("the manifest requires a real commit identity")
+    if not build_date or build_date == "unknown":
+        fail("the manifest requires a real build date")
+    require_release_files(dist)
+    return {
+        "product": PRODUCT,
+        "version": version,
+        "commit": commit,
+        "buildDate": build_date,
+        "packages": [package_entry(dist, repository, version, rid) for rid in ASSETS],
+    }
+
+
+def verify_manifest(manifest_path: Path, dist: Path, repository: str | None, version: str | None = None) -> None:
+    try:
+        manifest = json.loads(manifest_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+    except (OSError, json.JSONDecodeError) as exc:
+        fail(f"could not read {manifest_path}: {exc}")
+    if not isinstance(manifest, dict) or manifest.get("product") != PRODUCT:
+        fail(f"{manifest_path} is not a {PRODUCT} manifest")
+    manifest_version = manifest.get("version")
+    if not isinstance(manifest_version, str) or not VERSION_RE.match(manifest_version):
+        fail(f"{manifest_path} has an invalid version: {manifest_version!r}")
+    if version is not None and manifest_version != version:
+        fail(f"{manifest_path} version {manifest_version} does not match {version}")
+    if not isinstance(manifest.get("commit"), str) or not manifest["commit"]:
+        fail(f"{manifest_path} has no commit identity")
+    if not isinstance(manifest.get("buildDate"), str) or not manifest["buildDate"]:
+        fail(f"{manifest_path} has no build date")
+
+    packages = manifest.get("packages")
+    if not isinstance(packages, list) or len(packages) != len(ASSETS):
+        fail(f"{manifest_path} must contain exactly {len(ASSETS)} packages")
+    by_rid = {}
+    for package in packages:
+        if not isinstance(package, dict):
+            fail(f"{manifest_path} contains a non-object package entry")
+        rid = package.get("rid")
+        if rid not in ASSETS:
+            fail(f"{manifest_path} contains an unsupported runtime identifier: {rid!r}")
+        if rid in by_rid:
+            fail(f"{manifest_path} contains duplicate runtime identifiers")
+        asset = package.get("asset")
+        if asset != app_asset_name(rid):
+            fail(f"{manifest_path} has an unexpected asset for {rid}: {asset!r}")
+        path = dist / asset
+        if not path.is_file() or path.stat().st_size == 0:
+            fail(f"release asset is missing or empty: {path}")
+        data = path.read_bytes()
+        if package.get("sha256") != hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest():
+            fail(f"sha256 mismatch for {asset}")
+        if package.get("size") != len(data):
+            fail(f"size mismatch for {asset}")
+        url = package.get("url")
+        if not isinstance(url, str):
+            fail(f"missing asset URL for {rid}")
+        match = OFFICIAL_URL_RE.match(url)
+        if not match or match.group("tag") != manifest_version or match.group("asset") != asset:
+            fail(f"asset URL is not an official release URL for this tag: {url}")
+        if repository is not None and not url.startswith(f"https://github.com/{repository}/"):
+            fail(f"asset URL does not use repository {repository}: {url}")
+        verify_app_archive_identity(path, rid, manifest_version, manifest["commit"], manifest["buildDate"])
+        by_rid[rid] = package
+
+    for rid in ASSETS:
+        if rid not in by_rid:
+            fail(f"{manifest_path} is missing runtime {rid}")
+    require_release_files(dist)
+
+
+def write_manifest(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+    dist = Path(args.dist)
+    manifest = build_manifest(dist, args.version, args.repository, args.commit, args.build_date)
+    output = Path(args.output)
+    output.write_text(json.dumps(manifest, separators=(",", ":")) + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    verify_manifest(output, dist, args.repository, args.version)
+    print(f"Wrote {output} for {PRODUCT} {args.version} ({args.repository})")
+
+
+def verify_command(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+    verify_manifest(Path(args.manifest), Path(args.dist), args.repository, args.version)
+    print(f"Verified {args.manifest}")
+
+
+def main(argv: list[str]) -> None:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__, formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter)
+    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest="command", required=True)
+
+    write_parser = subparsers.add_parser("write", help="write WebAPI-update.json from the packaged assets")
+    write_parser.add_argument("--version", required=True)
+    write_parser.add_argument("--repository", required=True)
+    write_parser.add_argument("--commit", required=True)
+    write_parser.add_argument("--build-date", required=True)
+    write_parser.add_argument("--dist", required=True)
+    write_parser.add_argument("--output", required=True)
+    write_parser.set_defaults(func=write_manifest)
+
+    verify_parser = subparsers.add_parser("verify", help="verify WebAPI-update.json against the packaged assets")
+    verify_parser.add_argument("--manifest", required=True)
+    verify_parser.add_argument("--dist", required=True)
+    verify_parser.add_argument("--repository")
+    verify_parser.add_argument("--version", help="require the manifest to match this release version")
+    verify_parser.set_defaults(func=verify_command)
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+    args.func(args)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main(sys.argv[1:])

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Security/WebAuthRateLimiting.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+using System.Net;
+using System.Threading.RateLimiting;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimiting;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+public static class WebAuthRateLimiting
+{
+    public const string LoginPolicy = "WebAPI-auth-login";
+    public const string SetupPolicy = "WebAPI-auth-setup";
+
+    public static void Configure(RateLimiterOptions options)
+    {
+        options.RejectionStatusCode = StatusCodes.Status429TooManyRequests;
+        options.OnRejected = (context, _) =>
+        {
+            if (context.Lease.TryGetMetadata(MetadataName.RetryAfter, out var retryAfter))
+            {
+                var seconds = Math.Ceiling(retryAfter.TotalSeconds);
+                context.HttpContext.Response.Headers["Retry-After"] = seconds.ToString(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+            }
+            return ValueTask.CompletedTask;
+        };
+        options.AddPolicy(LoginPolicy, context => CreateIpPartition(context, permitLimit: 5));
+        options.AddPolicy(SetupPolicy, context => CreateIpPartition(context, permitLimit: 10));
+    }
+
+    private static RateLimitPartition<string> CreateIpPartition(HttpContext context, int permitLimit) =>
+        RateLimitPartition.GetFixedWindowLimiter(
+            GetPartitionKey(context.Connection.RemoteIpAddress),
+            _ => new FixedWindowRateLimiterOptions
+            {
+                AutoReplenishment = true,
+                PermitLimit = permitLimit,
+                QueueLimit = 0,
+                QueueProcessingOrder = QueueProcessingOrder.OldestFirst,
+                Window = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1),
+            });
+
+    private static string GetPartitionKey(IPAddress? address)
+    {
+        if (address is null)
+        {
+            return "unknown";
+        }
+
+        return IsLoopback(address) ? "loopback" : address.ToString();
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsLoopback(IPAddress address) =>
+        IPAddress.IsLoopback(address)
+        || (address.IsIPv4MappedToIPv6 && IPAddress.IsLoopback(address.MapToIPv4()));
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Security/WebAuthRequestBodyLimitMiddleware.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.Features;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+public sealed class WebAuthRequestBodyLimitMiddleware(RequestDelegate next)
+{
+    public const long MaximumRequestBodyBytes = 64 * 1024;
+
+    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context)
+    {
+        if (!IsLimitedAuthRequest(context.Request))
+        {
+            await next(context);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var requestBodySizeFeature = context.Features.Get<IHttpMaxRequestBodySizeFeature>();
+        if (requestBodySizeFeature is { IsReadOnly: false })
+        {
+            requestBodySizeFeature.MaxRequestBodySize = MaximumRequestBodyBytes;
+        }
+
+        if (context.Request.ContentLength > MaximumRequestBodyBytes)
+        {
+            context.Response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status413PayloadTooLarge;
+            await context.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(
+                ApiEnvelope<object>.Fail("payload_too_large", ApiMessageKeys.CommonInvalidInput),
+                context.RequestAborted);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        await next(context);
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsLimitedAuthRequest(HttpRequest request) =>
+        HttpMethods.IsPost(request.Method)
+        && (request.Path == "/api/auth/login" || request.Path == "/api/setup");
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Security/WebAuthService.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.Json;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+public sealed class WebAuthService
+{
+    private const int CurrentVersion = 1;
+    private const int Pbkdf2Iterations = 600_000;
+    private const int SaltLength = 16;
+    private const int VerifierLength = 32;
+    public const int MinimumKeyLength = 12;
+    public const int MaximumKeyLength = 4096;
+
+    private static readonly JsonSerializerOptions JsonOptions = new(JsonSerializerDefaults.Web);
+    private static readonly byte[] DummySalt = RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(SaltLength);
+
+    private readonly string _configPath;
+    private readonly string? _environmentKey;
+    private readonly SemaphoreSlim _setupLock = new(1, 1);
+    private StoredWebAuth? _storedAuth;
+
+    public WebAuthService(string configPath, string? environmentKey)
+    {
+        _configPath = Path.GetFullPath(configPath);
+        _environmentKey = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(environmentKey) ? null : environmentKey;
+        if (_environmentKey is null && File.Exists(_configPath))
+        {
+            _storedAuth = LoadStoredAuth(_configPath);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public bool EnvironmentKeyConfigured => _environmentKey is not null;
+
+    public bool SetupRequired => _environmentKey is null && _storedAuth is null;
+
+    public bool ValidateManagementKey(string? suppliedKey)
+    {
+        var key = suppliedKey ?? string.Empty;
+
+        if (_environmentKey is not null)
+        {
+            DeriveAndDiscard(key, DummySalt, Pbkdf2Iterations);
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(suppliedKey))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return FixedTimeEquals(_environmentKey, suppliedKey);
+        }
+
+        var stored = _storedAuth;
+        if (stored is null)
+        {
+            DeriveAndDiscard(key, DummySalt, Pbkdf2Iterations);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var salt = Convert.FromBase64String(stored.Salt);
+        var expected = Convert.FromBase64String(stored.KeyVerifier);
+        var supplied = DeriveVerifier(key, salt, stored.Iterations);
+        return CryptographicOperations.FixedTimeEquals(expected, supplied);
+    }
+
+    public async Task<WebSetupResult> SetupAsync(
+        string? key,
+        string? confirmKey,
+        bool setupAccessAllowed,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        if (!setupAccessAllowed)
+        {
+            return WebSetupResult.Forbidden;
+        }
+
+        if (key is null || key.Length < MinimumKeyLength)
+        {
+            return WebSetupResult.KeyTooShort;
+        }
+        if (key.Length > MaximumKeyLength)
+        {
+            return WebSetupResult.KeyTooLong;
+        }
+
+        if (!string.Equals(key, confirmKey, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            return WebSetupResult.KeysDoNotMatch;
+        }
+
+        await _setupLock.WaitAsync(cancellationToken);
+        try
+        {
+            if (!SetupRequired)
+            {
+                return WebSetupResult.AlreadyConfigured;
+            }
+
+            // Do not replace a config created by another process between startup and setup.
+            if (File.Exists(_configPath))
+            {
+                _storedAuth = LoadStoredAuth(_configPath);
+                return WebSetupResult.AlreadyConfigured;
+            }
+
+            var salt = RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(SaltLength);
+            var verifier = DeriveVerifier(key, salt, Pbkdf2Iterations);
+            var stored = new StoredWebAuth(
+                CurrentVersion,
+                "PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256",
+                Pbkdf2Iterations,
+                Convert.ToBase64String(salt),
+                Convert.ToBase64String(verifier));
+            await WriteAtomicallyAsync(stored, cancellationToken);
+            _storedAuth = stored;
+            return WebSetupResult.Created;
+        }
+        catch (IOException) when (File.Exists(_configPath))
+        {
+            _storedAuth = LoadStoredAuth(_configPath);
+            return WebSetupResult.AlreadyConfigured;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _setupLock.Release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool FixedTimeEquals(string expected, string actual)
+    {
+        var expectedBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(expected);
+        var actualBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(actual);
+        return expectedBytes.Length == actualBytes.Length
+            && CryptographicOperations.FixedTimeEquals(expectedBytes, actualBytes);
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] DeriveVerifier(string key, byte[] salt, int iterations)
+    {
+        var password = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(key);
+        try
+        {
+            return Rfc2898DeriveBytes.Pbkdf2(
+                password,
+                salt,
+                iterations,
+                HashAlgorithmName.SHA256,
+                VerifierLength);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            CryptographicOperations.ZeroMemory(password);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void DeriveAndDiscard(string key, byte[] salt, int iterations)
+    {
+        var derived = DeriveVerifier(key, salt, iterations);
+        CryptographicOperations.ZeroMemory(derived);
+    }
+
+    private static StoredWebAuth LoadStoredAuth(string path)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var stored = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<StoredWebAuth>(File.ReadAllBytes(path), JsonOptions)
+                ?? throw new InvalidDataException("Web auth config is empty.");
+            var salt = Convert.FromBase64String(stored.Salt);
+            var verifier = Convert.FromBase64String(stored.KeyVerifier);
+            if (stored.Version != CurrentVersion
+                || stored.Kdf != "PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256"
+                || stored.Iterations is < 100_000 or > 2_000_000
+                || salt.Length != SaltLength
+                || verifier.Length != VerifierLength)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidDataException("Web auth config has unsupported or invalid parameters.");
+            }
+
+            return stored;
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is JsonException or FormatException)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("Web auth config is malformed.", exception);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task WriteAtomicallyAsync(StoredWebAuth stored, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var directory = Path.GetDirectoryName(_configPath)
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Web auth config path has no parent directory.");
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+
+        var temporaryPath = Path.Combine(directory, $".WebAPI-auth-{Guid.NewGuid():N}.tmp");
+        try
+        {
+            var options = new FileStreamOptions
+            {
+                Mode = FileMode.CreateNew,
+                Access = FileAccess.Write,
+                Share = FileShare.None,
+                Options = FileOptions.WriteThrough,
+            };
+            if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+            {
+                options.UnixCreateMode = UnixFileMode.UserRead | UnixFileMode.UserWrite;
+            }
+
+            await using (var stream = new FileStream(temporaryPath, options))
+            {
+                var bytes = JsonSerializer.SerializeToUtf8Bytes(stored, JsonOptions);
+                await stream.WriteAsync(bytes, cancellationToken);
+                await stream.FlushAsync(cancellationToken);
+                stream.Flush(flushToDisk: true);
+            }
+
+            if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+            {
+                File.SetUnixFileMode(temporaryPath, UnixFileMode.UserRead | UnixFileMode.UserWrite);
+            }
+
+            File.Move(temporaryPath, _configPath, overwrite: false);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(temporaryPath))
+            {
+                File.Delete(temporaryPath);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed record StoredWebAuth(int Version, string Kdf, int Iterations, string Salt, string KeyVerifier);
+}
+
+public enum WebSetupResult
+{
+    Created,
+    Forbidden,
+    KeyTooShort,
+    KeyTooLong,
+    KeysDoNotMatch,
+    AlreadyConfigured,
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Security/WebAuthStorage.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+internal static class WebAuthStorage
+{
+    public static string MigrateAndGetPath(string startupPath, string legacyConfigPath)
+    {
+        var directory = Path.Combine(startupPath, "WebAPIData");
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+        if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+        {
+            File.SetUnixFileMode(directory, UnixFileMode.UserRead | UnixFileMode.UserWrite | UnixFileMode.UserExecute);
+        }
+
+        var authPath = Path.Combine(directory, "WebAPI-auth.json");
+        // Pre-rename locations that can still hold the verifier on existing installs:
+        // the previous private location and the original guiConfigs location.
+        var previousPrivatePath = Path.Combine(startupPath, "webData", "web-auth.json");
+        if (!File.Exists(authPath))
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(previousPrivatePath))
+            {
+                File.Move(previousPrivatePath, authPath);
+            }
+            else if (File.Exists(legacyConfigPath))
+            {
+                File.Move(legacyConfigPath, authPath);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Stale pre-rename copies must not survive next to the current verifier.
+        if (File.Exists(previousPrivatePath))
+        {
+            File.Delete(previousPrivatePath);
+        }
+        if (File.Exists(legacyConfigPath))
+        {
+            File.Delete(legacyConfigPath);
+        }
+
+        if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux() && File.Exists(authPath))
+        {
+            File.SetUnixFileMode(authPath, UnixFileMode.UserRead | UnixFileMode.UserWrite);
+        }
+
+        return authPath;
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Security/WebCorsPolicy.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Cors.Infrastructure;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+public sealed class WebCorsPolicy
+{
+    public const string EnvironmentVariable = "V2RAYN_WEB_ALLOWED_ORIGINS";
+    public const string PolicyName = "WebApiOrigins";
+    private readonly HashSet<string> _origins;
+
+    public WebCorsPolicy(string? configuration)
+    {
+        _origins = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(configuration)) return;
+        foreach (var item in configuration.Split(','))
+        {
+            _origins.Add(NormalizeOrigin(item.Trim()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static string NormalizeOrigin(string value, string variable = EnvironmentVariable)
+    {
+        var authorityStart = value.IndexOf("://", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        var slash = authorityStart < 0 ? -1 : value.IndexOf('/', authorityStart + 3);
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value) || value.Any(char.IsWhiteSpace)
+            || authorityStart < 0 || (slash >= 0 && slash != value.Length - 1)
+            || value.IndexOfAny(['*', '\\', '?', '#']) >= 0
+            || !Uri.TryCreate(value, UriKind.Absolute, out var uri)
+            || uri.Scheme is not ("http" or "https") || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(uri.Host)
+            || uri.UserInfo.Length != 0 || uri.AbsolutePath != "/")
+        {
+            // Do not echo configuration: an invalid value might contain credentials.
+            throw new ArgumentException($"{variable} must contain only comma-separated http(s) origins (scheme, host and port), without credentials, paths, queries, fragments or wildcards.");
+        }
+        return uri.GetComponents(UriComponents.SchemeAndServer, UriFormat.UriEscaped);
+    }
+
+    public bool Allows(string origin) => _origins.Contains(origin);
+
+    // A same-origin browser may reach HTTP Kestrel through a TLS/path-prefix
+    // reverse proxy. Its public origin need not equal Kestrel's internal URL.
+    // Fetch Metadata is browser-controlled (JS cannot forge Sec-Fetch-Site).
+    // This is NOT used to grant setup access or internal health diagnostics.
+    public static bool IsBrowserSameOriginRequest(HttpRequest request)
+    {
+        if (request.Headers["Sec-Fetch-Site"].Count != 1
+            || request.Headers["Sec-Fetch-Site"] != "same-origin"
+            || request.Headers.Origin.Count != 1) return false;
+        try
+        {
+            var origin = request.Headers.Origin.ToString();
+            return NormalizeOrigin(origin) == origin;
+        }
+        catch (ArgumentException) { return false; }
+    }
+
+    public static bool IsSameOriginRequest(HttpRequest request)
+    {
+        if (!request.Headers.ContainsKey("Origin")) return true; // Native clients.
+        if (request.Headers.Origin.Count != 1) return false;
+        try
+        {
+            return string.Equals(request.Headers.Origin.ToString(),
+                NormalizeOrigin($"{request.Scheme}://{request.Host}"), StringComparison.Ordinal);
+        }
+        catch (ArgumentException) { return false; }
+    }
+
+    public void Configure(CorsPolicyBuilder builder) => builder
+        .SetIsOriginAllowed(Allows)
+        .WithMethods("GET", "HEAD", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE", "OPTIONS")
+        .WithHeaders("Authorization", "Content-Type")
+        .WithExposedHeaders("Content-Disposition");
+}
+
+// CORS alone controls readability, not execution. Reject a disallowed Origin
+// before authentication, rate limiting, SSE-ticket consumption or API mutations.
+public sealed class WebOriginGuardMiddleware(RequestDelegate next)
+{
+    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context, WebCorsPolicy cors)
+    {
+        if (context.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/api")
+            && !WebCorsPolicy.IsSameOriginRequest(context.Request)
+            && !WebCorsPolicy.IsBrowserSameOriginRequest(context.Request)
+            && (context.Request.Headers.Origin.Count != 1 || !cors.Allows(context.Request.Headers.Origin.ToString())))
+        {
+            context.Response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status403Forbidden;
+            await context.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(ApiEnvelope<object>.Fail("origin_not_allowed", ApiMessageKeys.CommonInvalidInput));
+            return;
+        }
+        await next(context);
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Security/WebDeploymentSecurityPolicy.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+public static class WebDeploymentSecurityPolicy
+{
+    public const string MissingManagementKeyMessage =
+        "Management Key is required in supervised/container deployments. Set V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY before starting v2rayN.WebAPI.";
+
+    public static string? GetStartupError(bool supervisedEnvironment, bool containerEnvironment, string? managementKey) =>
+        (supervisedEnvironment || containerEnvironment) && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(managementKey)
+            ? MissingManagementKeyMessage
+            : null;
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Security/WebListenerSecurityPolicy.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+using System.Net;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+/// <summary>Checks server binding configuration, never request Host/forwarding headers.</summary>
+public static class WebListenerSecurityPolicy
+{
+    public const string DefaultUrl = "http://127.0.0.1:5080";
+    public const string MissingManagementKeyMessage =
+        "Management Key is required for non-loopback Web listeners. Set V2RAYN_WEB_API_KEY before starting v2rayN.WebAPI, or bind only to 127.0.0.1, localhost, or [::1] for local first-run setup.";
+
+    public static void ApplyDefault(WebApplicationBuilder builder)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(builder.Configuration[WebHostDefaults.ServerUrlsKey])
+            && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(builder.Configuration["http_ports"])
+            && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(builder.Configuration["https_ports"]))
+        {
+            builder.WebHost.UseUrls(DefaultUrl);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static string? GetStartupError(IConfiguration configuration, string? managementKey) =>
+        string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(managementKey) && GetEffectiveUrls(configuration).Any(url => !IsLoopbackUrl(url))
+            ? MissingManagementKeyMessage
+            : null;
+
+    public static IReadOnlyList<string> GetEffectiveUrls(IConfiguration configuration)
+    {
+        var urls = Split(configuration[WebHostDefaults.ServerUrlsKey]);
+        if (urls.Length == 0)
+        {
+            // ASP.NET Core expands port-only bindings to wildcard addresses, not loopback.
+            urls = Split(configuration["http_ports"]).Select(port => $"http://*:{port}")
+                .Concat(Split(configuration["https_ports"]).Select(port => $"https://*:{port}"))
+                .ToArray();
+        }
+
+        var endpoints = configuration.GetSection("Kestrel:Endpoints").GetChildren()
+            .Select(endpoint => endpoint["Url"] ?? string.Empty).ToArray();
+        // Kestrel endpoints override hosting URLs unless PreferHostingUrls is enabled.
+        if (endpoints.Length > 0
+            && !(bool.TryParse(configuration[WebHostDefaults.PreferHostingUrlsKey], out var preferUrls)
+                && preferUrls && urls.Length > 0))
+        {
+            return endpoints;
+        }
+
+        return urls.Length > 0 ? urls : [DefaultUrl];
+    }
+
+    public static bool IsLoopbackUrl(string url)
+    {
+        if (!Uri.TryCreate(url, UriKind.Absolute, out var uri)
+            || (uri.Scheme != Uri.UriSchemeHttp && uri.Scheme != Uri.UriSchemeHttps))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var host = uri.Host.Trim('[', ']');
+        return host.Equals("localhost", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            || (IPAddress.TryParse(host, out var address) && IPAddress.IsLoopback(address));
+    }
+
+    private static string[] Split(string? value) =>
+        (value ?? string.Empty).Split(';', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries);
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Security/WebSecurityHeadersMiddleware.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+public sealed class WebSecurityHeadersMiddleware(RequestDelegate next)
+{
+    public const string ContentSecurityPolicy =
+        "default-src 'self'; base-uri 'self'; object-src 'none'; frame-ancestors 'none'; form-action 'self'; " +
+        "script-src 'self'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; img-src 'self'; font-src 'self'; connect-src 'self'";
+
+    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context)
+    {
+        context.Response.Headers["X-Content-Type-Options"] = "nosniff";
+        context.Response.Headers["Referrer-Policy"] = "no-referrer";
+        context.Response.Headers["X-Frame-Options"] = "DENY";
+        context.Response.Headers["Content-Security-Policy"] = ContentSecurityPolicy;
+        await next(context);
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Security/WebSessionAuthenticationMiddleware.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+public sealed class WebSessionAuthenticationMiddleware(RequestDelegate next)
+{
+    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context, WebSessionService sessions)
+    {
+        var path = context.Request.Path;
+        if (path == "/api/events")
+        {
+            if (!sessions.TryConsumeSseTicket(context.Request.Query["sse_ticket"].ToString(), out var eventSession))
+            {
+                context.Response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status401Unauthorized;
+                await context.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(
+                    ApiEnvelope<object>.Fail("unauthorized", ApiMessageKeys.CommonUnauthorized));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            context.Items[WebSessionService.SessionSnapshotContextKey] = eventSession!;
+            await next(context);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!path.StartsWithSegments("/api")
+            || path == "/api/health"
+            || path == "/api/setup/status"
+            || path == "/api/setup"
+            || path == "/api/auth/login")
+        {
+            await next(context);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var presentedToken = WebSessionService.ExtractPresentedToken(context);
+        var authenticated = path == "/api/auth/sse-ticket"
+            ? sessions.TryValidateWithoutRenewal(presentedToken, out _)
+            : sessions.TryValidateAndRenew(presentedToken, out _);
+        if (!authenticated)
+        {
+            context.Response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status401Unauthorized;
+            await context.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(
+                ApiEnvelope<object>.Fail("unauthorized", ApiMessageKeys.CommonUnauthorized));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        await next(context);
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Security/WebSessionService.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+public sealed class WebSessionService : IDisposable
+{
+    public const string SessionSnapshotContextKey = "v2rayn.web.session.snapshot";
+    public static readonly TimeSpan SlidingLifetime = TimeSpan.FromDays(7);
+    public static readonly TimeSpan AbsoluteLifetime = TimeSpan.FromDays(30);
+    public static readonly TimeSpan SseTicketLifetime = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(45);
+    private static readonly TimeSpan CleanupInterval = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(15);
+    private static readonly TimeSpan SseTicketCleanupInterval = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1);
+    private const int TokenByteLength = 32;
+    private const int TokenEncodedLength = 43;
+
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, SessionEntry> _sessions = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, SseTicketEntry> _sseTickets = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+    private readonly TimeProvider _timeProvider;
+    private readonly Timer _cleanupTimer;
+    private readonly Timer _sseTicketCleanupTimer;
+    private bool _disposed;
+
+    public WebSessionService(TimeProvider? timeProvider = null)
+    {
+        _timeProvider = timeProvider ?? TimeProvider.System;
+        _cleanupTimer = new Timer(
+            static state => ((WebSessionService)state!).CleanupExpiredSessions(),
+            this,
+            CleanupInterval,
+            CleanupInterval);
+        _sseTicketCleanupTimer = new Timer(
+            static state => ((WebSessionService)state!).CleanupExpiredSseTickets(),
+            this,
+            SseTicketCleanupInterval,
+            SseTicketCleanupInterval);
+    }
+
+    public WebSessionToken CreateSession()
+    {
+        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
+        while (true)
+        {
+            var tokenBytes = RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(TokenByteLength);
+            var token = EncodeBase64Url(tokenBytes);
+            var digest = GetDigest(tokenBytes);
+            CryptographicOperations.ZeroMemory(tokenBytes);
+
+            var now = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow();
+            var absoluteExpiresAt = now + AbsoluteLifetime;
+            var entry = new SessionEntry(
+                now,
+                now,
+                Min(now + SlidingLifetime, absoluteExpiresAt),
+                absoluteExpiresAt,
+                new CancellationTokenSource());
+            if (_sessions.TryAdd(digest, entry))
+            {
+                return new WebSessionToken(token, entry.ExpiresAt);
+            }
+            entry.Revoked.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public bool TryValidateAndRenew(string? token, out WebSessionSnapshot? session) =>
+        TryValidateSessionCore(token, renew: true, out session);
+
+    public bool TryValidateWithoutRenewal(string? token, out WebSessionSnapshot? session) =>
+        TryValidateSessionCore(token, renew: false, out session);
+
+    private bool TryValidateSessionCore(string? token, bool renew, out WebSessionSnapshot? session)
+    {
+        session = null;
+        if (_disposed || !TryGetDigest(token, out var digest))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        while (_sessions.TryGetValue(digest, out var current))
+        {
+            var now = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow();
+            if (now >= current.ExpiresAt || now >= current.AbsoluteExpiresAt)
+            {
+                if (TryRemove(digest, current))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!renew)
+            {
+                session = new WebSessionSnapshot(
+                    current.CreatedAt,
+                    current.LastSeenAt,
+                    current.ExpiresAt,
+                    current.AbsoluteExpiresAt,
+                    current.Revoked.Token,
+                    digest);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            var renewed = current with
+            {
+                LastSeenAt = now,
+                ExpiresAt = Min(now + SlidingLifetime, current.AbsoluteExpiresAt),
+            };
+            if (_sessions.TryUpdate(digest, renewed, current))
+            {
+                session = new WebSessionSnapshot(
+                    renewed.CreatedAt,
+                    renewed.LastSeenAt,
+                    renewed.ExpiresAt,
+                    renewed.AbsoluteExpiresAt,
+                    renewed.Revoked.Token,
+                    digest);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private bool TryValidateSessionDigestWithoutRenewal(string digest, out WebSessionSnapshot? session)
+    {
+        session = null;
+        if (_disposed)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        while (_sessions.TryGetValue(digest, out var current))
+        {
+            var now = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow();
+            if (now >= current.ExpiresAt || now >= current.AbsoluteExpiresAt)
+            {
+                if (TryRemove(digest, current))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            session = new WebSessionSnapshot(
+                current.CreatedAt,
+                current.LastSeenAt,
+                current.ExpiresAt,
+                current.AbsoluteExpiresAt,
+                current.Revoked.Token,
+                digest);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    internal bool TryValidateSseSessionWithoutRenewal(string sessionDigest, out WebSessionSnapshot? session) =>
+        TryValidateSessionDigestWithoutRenewal(sessionDigest, out session);
+
+    public bool Revoke(string? token)
+    {
+        if (_disposed || !TryGetDigest(token, out var digest))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        while (_sessions.TryGetValue(digest, out var entry))
+        {
+            if (TryRemove(digest, entry))
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public bool TryCreateSseTicket(string? sessionToken, out WebSseTicket? ticket)
+    {
+        ticket = null;
+        if (_disposed || !TryGetDigest(sessionToken, out var sessionDigest)
+            || !TryValidateSessionDigestWithoutRenewal(sessionDigest, out _))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        CleanupExpiredSseTickets();
+        while (true)
+        {
+            var ticketBytes = RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(TokenByteLength);
+            var ticketToken = EncodeBase64Url(ticketBytes);
+            var ticketDigest = GetDigest(ticketBytes);
+            CryptographicOperations.ZeroMemory(ticketBytes);
+
+            var expiresAt = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow() + SseTicketLifetime;
+            if (_sseTickets.TryAdd(ticketDigest, new SseTicketEntry(sessionDigest, expiresAt)))
+            {
+                // Close the race with logout/expiry while the ticket was being minted.
+                if (!TryValidateSessionDigestWithoutRenewal(sessionDigest, out _))
+                {
+                    _sseTickets.TryRemove(ticketDigest, out _);
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                ticket = new WebSseTicket(ticketToken, expiresAt);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public bool TryConsumeSseTicket(string? ticketToken, out WebSessionSnapshot? session)
+    {
+        session = null;
+        if (_disposed || !TryGetDigest(ticketToken, out var ticketDigest)
+            || !_sseTickets.TryRemove(ticketDigest, out var ticket))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (_timeProvider.GetUtcNow() >= ticket.ExpiresAt)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return TryValidateSessionDigestWithoutRenewal(ticket.SessionDigest, out session);
+    }
+
+    public int CleanupExpiredSessions()
+    {
+        if (_disposed)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        var now = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow();
+        var removed = 0;
+        foreach (var (digest, entry) in _sessions)
+        {
+            if ((now >= entry.ExpiresAt || now >= entry.AbsoluteExpiresAt)
+                && TryRemove(digest, entry))
+            {
+                removed++;
+            }
+        }
+        return removed;
+    }
+
+    private void CleanupExpiredSseTickets()
+    {
+        if (_disposed)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var now = _timeProvider.GetUtcNow();
+        foreach (var (digest, ticket) in _sseTickets)
+        {
+            if (now >= ticket.ExpiresAt)
+            {
+                _sseTickets.TryRemove(digest, out _);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        if (_disposed)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _disposed = true;
+        _cleanupTimer.Dispose();
+        _sseTicketCleanupTimer.Dispose();
+        _sseTickets.Clear();
+        foreach (var entry in _sessions.Values)
+        {
+            Cancel(entry.Revoked);
+        }
+        _sessions.Clear();
+    }
+
+    public static string ExtractPresentedToken(HttpContext context)
+    {
+        var authorization = context.Request.Headers.Authorization.ToString();
+        if (authorization.StartsWith("Bearer ", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            return authorization[7..].Trim();
+        }
+
+        return string.Empty;
+    }
+
+    private bool TryRemove(string digest, SessionEntry entry)
+    {
+        var removed = ((ICollection<KeyValuePair<string, SessionEntry>>)_sessions)
+            .Remove(new KeyValuePair<string, SessionEntry>(digest, entry));
+        if (removed)
+        {
+            Cancel(entry.Revoked);
+            RemoveTicketsForSession(digest);
+        }
+        return removed;
+    }
+
+    private void RemoveTicketsForSession(string sessionDigest)
+    {
+        foreach (var (ticketDigest, ticket) in _sseTickets)
+        {
+            if (ticket.SessionDigest == sessionDigest)
+            {
+                _sseTickets.TryRemove(ticketDigest, out _);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void Cancel(CancellationTokenSource source)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            source.Cancel();
+        }
+        catch (ObjectDisposedException)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool TryGetDigest(string? token, out string digest)
+    {
+        digest = string.Empty;
+        if (token is null || token.Length != TokenEncodedLength
+            || token.Any(character => !(character is >= 'A' and <= 'Z'
+                or >= 'a' and <= 'z'
+                or >= '0' and <= '9'
+                or '-' or '_')))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            var base64 = token.Replace('-', '+').Replace('_', '/') + "=";
+            var tokenBytes = Convert.FromBase64String(base64);
+            if (tokenBytes.Length != TokenByteLength || EncodeBase64Url(tokenBytes) != token)
+            {
+                CryptographicOperations.ZeroMemory(tokenBytes);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            digest = GetDigest(tokenBytes);
+            CryptographicOperations.ZeroMemory(tokenBytes);
+            return true;
+        }
+        catch (FormatException)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string EncodeBase64Url(byte[] bytes) =>
+        Convert.ToBase64String(bytes).TrimEnd('=').Replace('+', '-').Replace('/', '_');
+
+    private static string GetDigest(byte[] bytes) => Convert.ToHexString(SHA256.HashData(bytes));
+
+    private static DateTimeOffset Min(DateTimeOffset first, DateTimeOffset second) => first <= second ? first : second;
+
+    private sealed record SessionEntry(
+        DateTimeOffset CreatedAt,
+        DateTimeOffset LastSeenAt,
+        DateTimeOffset ExpiresAt,
+        DateTimeOffset AbsoluteExpiresAt,
+        CancellationTokenSource Revoked);
+
+    private sealed record SseTicketEntry(string SessionDigest, DateTimeOffset ExpiresAt);
+}
+
+public sealed record WebSessionToken(string Token, DateTimeOffset ExpiresAt);
+
+public sealed record WebSseTicket(string Token, DateTimeOffset ExpiresAt);
+
+public sealed record WebSessionSnapshot(
+    DateTimeOffset CreatedAt,
+    DateTimeOffset LastSeenAt,
+    DateTimeOffset ExpiresAt,
+    DateTimeOffset AbsoluteExpiresAt,
+    CancellationToken RevocationToken,
+    string SessionDigest);

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Security/WebSetupAccessPolicy.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+using System.Net;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+public static class WebSetupAccessPolicy
+{
+    public static bool IsAllowed(
+        IPAddress? remoteAddress,
+        string? host,
+        bool forwardedHeadersPresent) =>
+        !forwardedHeadersPresent
+        && IsLoopbackAddress(remoteAddress) && IsLocalHost(host);
+
+    public static bool IsAllowedFromRequest(HttpContext context) =>
+        WebCorsPolicy.IsSameOriginRequest(context.Request)
+        && IsAllowed(context.Connection.RemoteIpAddress, context.Request.Host.Host,
+            HasForwardedHeaders(context.Request.Headers));
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The loopback peer + local Host pair required for per-instance health diagnostics.
+    /// The update/launcher probe rules (see WebProbeUriResolver) target exactly this pair.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static bool IsLocalDiagnosticSource(IPAddress? remoteAddress, string? host) =>
+        IsLoopbackAddress(remoteAddress) && IsLocalHost(host);
+
+    public static bool IsLoopbackAddress(IPAddress? remoteAddress)
+    {
+        if (remoteAddress is null)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (remoteAddress.Equals(IPAddress.Loopback) || remoteAddress.Equals(IPAddress.IPv6Loopback))
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return remoteAddress.IsIPv4MappedToIPv6
+            && remoteAddress.MapToIPv4().Equals(IPAddress.Loopback);
+    }
+
+    public static bool IsLocalHost(string? host)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(host))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var normalized = host.Trim();
+        if (normalized.Length > 1 && normalized[0] == '[' && normalized[^1] == ']')
+        {
+            normalized = normalized[1..^1];
+        }
+
+        if (string.Equals(normalized, "localhost", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return IPAddress.TryParse(normalized, out var address)
+            && (address.Equals(IPAddress.Loopback) || address.Equals(IPAddress.IPv6Loopback));
+    }
+
+    public static bool HasForwardedHeaders(IHeaderDictionary headers) =>
+        headers.Keys.Any(key =>
+            key.Equals("Forwarded", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            || key.Equals("X-Real-IP", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            || key.StartsWith("X-Forwarded-", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/ServiceLibBin/.keep

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+This directory is copied to the Web application's output as `bin/`.
+ServiceLib's CoreManager copies bundled core files from that directory into its writable data path.

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/BackupDatabaseCompatibility.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+using SQLite;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal static class BackupDatabaseCompatibility
+{
+    private static readonly IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string> RequiredPrimaryKeys = new Dictionary<string, string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+    {
+        ["DNSItem"] = "Id",
+        ["FullConfigTemplateItem"] = "Id",
+        ["ProfileExItem"] = "IndexId",
+        ["ProfileGroupItem"] = "IndexId",
+        ["ProfileItem"] = "IndexId",
+        ["RoutingItem"] = "Id",
+        ["ServerStatItem"] = "IndexId",
+        ["SubItem"] = "Id",
+    };
+
+    public static bool IsCompatible(string databasePath, out string error)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            using var database = new SQLiteConnection(databasePath, SQLiteOpenFlags.ReadOnly, false);
+            if (!string.Equals(database.ExecuteScalar<string>("PRAGMA quick_check;"), "ok", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                error = "SQLite quick_check did not return ok.";
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var tableNames = database.Query<TableName>(
+                    "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'table' AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%';")
+                .Select(item => item.Name)
+                .ToHashSet(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+            if (!tableNames.Any(name => RequiredPrimaryKeys.ContainsKey(name)))
+            {
+                error = "The database does not contain any known v2rayN data tables.";
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            foreach (var (tableName, primaryKey) in RequiredPrimaryKeys)
+            {
+                // Older backups may not yet have every optional ServiceLib table; AppManager
+                // creates missing tables during initialization. Existing tables must retain
+                // their stable primary key so that SQLite-net can add newer columns safely.
+                if (!tableNames.Contains(tableName))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                var columns = database.Query<TableColumn>($"PRAGMA table_info(\"{tableName}\");");
+                if (!columns.Any(column => string.Equals(column.Name, primaryKey, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                    && column.PrimaryKey == 1))
+                {
+                    error = $"Table {tableName} is missing its expected primary key {primaryKey}.";
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            error = string.Empty;
+            return true;
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception)
+        {
+            error = exception.Message;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class TableName
+    {
+        public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+    }
+
+    private sealed class TableColumn
+    {
+        public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+
+        [Column("pk")]
+        public int PrimaryKey { get; set; }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/BackupRestorePreflightGate.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Launcher;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal static class BackupRestorePreflightGate
+{
+    public static Task<OperationView> ExecuteAsync(
+        NativeWebRestorePreflightResult preflight,
+        Func<Task<OperationView>> performRestore)
+    {
+        if (!preflight.Allowed)
+        {
+            return Task.FromResult(preflight.ToFailureOperation());
+        }
+
+        if (preflight.Owner == WebLifecycleOwner.NativeProcess && preflight.Replacement is null)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("A native restore cannot proceed without a verified restart plan.");
+        }
+
+        return performRestore();
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/BuiltinDnsProfileBootstrap.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+using ServiceLib;
+using ServiceLib.Enums;
+using ServiceLib.Models.Configs;
+using ServiceLib.Models.Entities;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal static class BuiltinDnsProfileBootstrap
+{
+    private static readonly (ECoreType CoreType, string Remarks)[] BuiltinProfiles =
+    [
+        (ECoreType.Xray, "V2ray"),
+        (ECoreType.sing_box, "sing-box"),
+    ];
+
+    public static async Task EnsureAsync(
+        Config config,
+        Func<Task<IReadOnlyList<DNSItem>>> load,
+        Func<Config, DNSItem, Task<int>> save)
+    {
+        var existing = await load();
+        foreach (var (coreType, remarks) in BuiltinProfiles)
+        {
+            if (existing.Any(item => item.CoreType == coreType))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            var item = new DNSItem
+            {
+                Remarks = remarks,
+                CoreType = coreType,
+                Enabled = false,
+            };
+            if (await save(config, item) != 0)
+            {
+                throw new IOException($"The built-in {coreType} DNS profile could not be created.");
+            }
+
+            existing = [.. existing, item];
+        }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/CoreExecutableVersionCheck.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal static class CoreExecutableVersionCheck
+{
+    private static readonly Regex VersionPattern = new(
+        @"\b[vV]?\d+\.\d+\.\d+\b",
+        RegexOptions.CultureInvariant);
+
+    public static bool IsValid(string? versionOutput, string expectedName) =>
+        !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(versionOutput)
+        && versionOutput.Contains(expectedName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+        && VersionPattern.IsMatch(versionOutput);
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/CoreLaunchPreflight.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+using ServiceLib.Enums;
+using ServiceLib.Handler.Builder;
+using ServiceLib.Models.Configs;
+using ServiceLib.Models.Entities;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal sealed record CoreLaunchPreflightResult(
+    ProfileItem Profile,
+    CoreConfigContextBuilderAllResult BuiltContext,
+    OperationView? Failure)
+{
+    public bool Success => Failure is null;
+}
+
+internal static class CoreLaunchPreflight
+{
+    public static async Task<CoreLaunchPreflightResult> BuildAndValidateAsync(
+        Config config,
+        ProfileItem profile,
+        Func<ECoreType, OperationView?> validateCoreBinary)
+    {
+        var built = await CoreConfigContextBuilder.BuildAll(config, profile);
+        return Validate(profile, built, validateCoreBinary);
+    }
+
+    internal static CoreLaunchPreflightResult Validate(
+        ProfileItem profile,
+        CoreConfigContextBuilderAllResult built,
+        Func<ECoreType, OperationView?> validateCoreBinary)
+    {
+        var tunRejection = GetTunLaunchRejection(built);
+        if (tunRejection is not null)
+        {
+            return new CoreLaunchPreflightResult(profile, built, tunRejection);
+        }
+
+        if (!built.Success)
+        {
+            return new CoreLaunchPreflightResult(profile, built,
+                OperationView.Fail("profile_validation_failed", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileInvalid));
+        }
+
+        var requiredCoreTypes = new[]
+            {
+                (ECoreType?)built.MainResult.Context.RunCoreType,
+                built.PreSocksResult?.Context.RunCoreType,
+            }
+            .Where(coreType => coreType.HasValue)
+            .Select(coreType => coreType!.Value)
+            .Distinct();
+
+        foreach (var coreType in requiredCoreTypes)
+        {
+            var failure = validateCoreBinary(coreType);
+            if (failure is not null)
+            {
+                return new CoreLaunchPreflightResult(profile, built, failure);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new CoreLaunchPreflightResult(profile, built, null);
+    }
+
+    internal static OperationView? GetTunLaunchRejection(CoreConfigContextBuilderAllResult built) =>
+        built.MainResult.Context.IsTunEnabled || built.PreSocksResult?.Context.IsTunEnabled == true
+            ? OperationView.Fail("tun_not_supported", ApiMessageKeys.CoreTunNotSupported)
+            : null;
+}
+
+internal static class CoreRestartFlow
+{
+    public static async Task<OperationView> ExecuteAsync(
+        Func<Task<CoreLaunchPreflightResult>> buildAndValidate,
+        Func<Task> stopCore,
+        Action markCoreStopped,
+        Func<CoreLaunchPreflightResult, Task<OperationView>> launch)
+    {
+        var preflight = await buildAndValidate();
+        if (preflight.Failure is { } failure)
+        {
+            return failure;
+        }
+
+        await stopCore();
+        markCoreStopped();
+        var startResult = await launch(preflight);
+        return startResult.Success
+            ? OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.CoreRestarted, startResult.Data)
+            : startResult;
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/CoreProcessTracker.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal sealed record CoreProcessIdentity(int ProcessId, string ProcessName, long StartTimeUtcTicks, string ExecutablePath);
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Tracks Core processes started by this Web host without depending on ServiceLib internals.
+/// CoreManager remains responsible for launching/stopping; Web snapshots process identities
+/// around its public LoadCore call and validates those identities during runtime transitions.
+/// </summary>
+internal static class CoreProcessTracker
+{
+    public static HashSet<int> CaptureExistingProcessIds()
+    {
+        var ids = new HashSet<int>();
+        foreach (var process in Process.GetProcesses())
+        {
+            using (process)
+            {
+                try { ids.Add(process.Id); }
+                catch (InvalidOperationException) { }
+            }
+        }
+        return ids;
+    }
+
+    public static CoreProcessIdentity[] CaptureStartedProcesses(
+        IReadOnlySet<int> existingProcessIds,
+        IEnumerable<string> expectedExecutablePaths,
+        IEnumerable<string>? expectedConfigPaths = null)
+    {
+        var expected = expectedExecutablePaths
+            .Select(NormalizeExecutablePath)
+            .Where(path => path is not null)
+            .Select(path => path!)
+            .ToHashSet(PathComparer);
+        var expectedConfigs = expectedConfigPaths?
+            .Select(NormalizeAbsolutePath)
+            .Where(path => path is not null)
+            .Select(path => path!)
+            .ToHashSet(PathComparer);
+        if (expected.Count == 0) return [];
+
+        var processes = new List<CoreProcessIdentity>();
+        foreach (var process in Process.GetProcesses())
+        {
+            using (process)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    if (existingProcessIds.Contains(process.Id) || process.HasExited) continue;
+                    var startTimeTicks = GetStartTimeUtcTicks(process);
+                    var executablePath = GetProcessExecutablePath(process);
+                    if (startTimeTicks is null || executablePath is null
+                        || !IsExpectedCoreProcess(process.Id, executablePath, expected, expectedConfigs))
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    processes.Add(new CoreProcessIdentity(
+                        process.Id,
+                        NormalizeProcessName(process.ProcessName),
+                        startTimeTicks.Value,
+                        executablePath));
+                }
+                catch (Exception exception) when (exception is InvalidOperationException or Win32Exception or NotSupportedException)
+                {
+                    // A process may exit or become inaccessible while the process table is sampled.
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return processes
+            .DistinctBy(process => process.ProcessId)
+            .OrderBy(process => process.ProcessId)
+            .ToArray();
+    }
+
+    public static CoreProcessIdentity[] GetActiveProcesses(IEnumerable<CoreProcessIdentity> identities)
+    {
+        var active = new List<CoreProcessIdentity>();
+        foreach (var identity in identities.DistinctBy(process => process.ProcessId))
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                using var process = Process.GetProcessById(identity.ProcessId);
+                if (process.HasExited
+                    || !string.Equals(NormalizeProcessName(process.ProcessName), identity.ProcessName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                var startTimeTicks = GetStartTimeUtcTicks(process);
+                if (startTimeTicks is long observedStartTime && observedStartTime != identity.StartTimeUtcTicks) continue;
+                var executablePath = GetProcessExecutablePath(process);
+                if (executablePath is not null && !PathComparer.Equals(executablePath, identity.ExecutablePath)) continue;
+
+                // If an otherwise matching live PID becomes inaccessible, keep it as an
+                // uncertain active identity. This may report a conservative stop failure,
+                // but it cannot mistake the process for stopped or authorize killing a PID.
+                active.Add(identity);
+            }
+            catch (ArgumentException)
+            {
+                // The PID no longer exists.
+            }
+            catch (Exception exception) when (exception is InvalidOperationException or Win32Exception or NotSupportedException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+            {
+                // An inaccessible PID is uncertain, so report it as active rather than
+                // claiming a clean stop. No process is ever terminated from this tracker.
+                active.Add(identity);
+            }
+        }
+        return active.OrderBy(process => process.ProcessId).ToArray();
+    }
+
+    private static string NormalizeProcessName(string name) =>
+        Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(name.Trim());
+
+    private static bool IsExpectedCoreProcess(
+        int processId,
+        string executablePath,
+        HashSet<string> expectedPaths,
+        HashSet<string>? expectedConfigPaths)
+    {
+        if (!OperatingSystem.IsLinux()) return expectedPaths.Contains(executablePath);
+
+        try
+        {
+            var arguments = File.ReadAllText($"/proc/{processId}/cmdline")
+                .Split('\0', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
+            var executableMatches = expectedPaths.Contains(executablePath);
+            foreach (var expectedPath in expectedPaths)
+            {
+                if (arguments.Any(argument => PathComparer.Equals(NormalizeExecutablePath(argument), expectedPath))
+                    && GetShebangInterpreters(expectedPath).Contains(executablePath, PathComparer))
+                {
+                    executableMatches = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return executableMatches && (expectedConfigPaths is null
+                || expectedConfigPaths.Count == 0
+                || CommandLineReferencesConfig(processId, arguments, expectedConfigPaths));
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException or ArgumentException)
+        {
+            // Process metadata can disappear between enumeration and inspection.
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static bool CommandLineReferencesConfig(int processId, IEnumerable<string> arguments, HashSet<string> expectedConfigPaths)
+    {
+        var workingDirectory = GetProcessWorkingDirectory(processId);
+        if (workingDirectory is null) return false;
+
+        foreach (var argument in arguments)
+        {
+            var configArgument = argument.StartsWith("--config=", StringComparison.Ordinal)
+                ? argument["--config=".Length..]
+                : argument.StartsWith("--config-file=", StringComparison.Ordinal)
+                    ? argument["--config-file=".Length..]
+                    : argument;
+            if (configArgument.Length == 0 || configArgument.StartsWith("-", StringComparison.Ordinal)) continue;
+            var fullPath = NormalizeAbsolutePath(Path.IsPathRooted(configArgument)
+                ? configArgument
+                : Path.Combine(workingDirectory, configArgument));
+            if (fullPath is not null && expectedConfigPaths.Contains(fullPath)) return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static string? GetProcessWorkingDirectory(int processId)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            return new DirectoryInfo($"/proc/{processId}/cwd").ResolveLinkTarget(returnFinalTarget: false)?.FullName;
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException or ArgumentException or NotSupportedException)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static long? GetStartTimeUtcTicks(Process process)
+    {
+        try { return process.StartTime.ToUniversalTime().Ticks; }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is InvalidOperationException or Win32Exception or NotSupportedException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string? GetProcessExecutablePath(Process process)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var path = OperatingSystem.IsLinux()
+                ? new FileInfo($"/proc/{process.Id}/exe").ResolveLinkTarget(returnFinalTarget: false)?.FullName
+                : process.MainModule?.FileName;
+            return path is null ? null : NormalizeExecutablePath(path);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException or InvalidOperationException or Win32Exception or NotSupportedException or ArgumentException)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string? NormalizeExecutablePath(string? path)
+    {
+        var fullPath = NormalizeAbsolutePath(path);
+        if (fullPath is null) return null;
+        try
+        {
+            var executablePath = fullPath;
+            if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux() && executablePath.EndsWith(" (deleted)", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                executablePath = executablePath[..^" (deleted)".Length];
+            }
+
+            if (!OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+            {
+                var target = new FileInfo(executablePath).ResolveLinkTarget(returnFinalTarget: true);
+                return Path.GetFullPath(target?.FullName ?? executablePath);
+            }
+
+            var root = Path.GetPathRoot(executablePath)!;
+            var current = root;
+            foreach (var segment in executablePath[root.Length..].Split(Path.DirectorySeparatorChar, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries))
+            {
+                current = Path.Combine(current, segment);
+                FileSystemInfo info = Directory.Exists(current) ? new DirectoryInfo(current) : new FileInfo(current);
+                var linkTarget = info.ResolveLinkTarget(returnFinalTarget: false);
+                if (linkTarget is not null) current = linkTarget.FullName;
+            }
+            return Path.GetFullPath(current);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException or ArgumentException or NotSupportedException)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string? NormalizeAbsolutePath(string? path)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(path) || !Path.IsPathRooted(path)) return null;
+        try { return Path.GetFullPath(path.TrimEnd('\0')); }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException or ArgumentException or NotSupportedException)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static HashSet<string> GetShebangInterpreters(string executablePath)
+    {
+        var interpreters = new HashSet<string>(PathComparer);
+        try
+        {
+            using var stream = File.OpenRead(executablePath);
+            var prefix = new byte[256];
+            var length = stream.Read(prefix);
+            var lineEnd = Array.IndexOf(prefix, (byte)'\n', 0, length);
+            if (lineEnd < 0) lineEnd = length;
+            var firstLine = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(prefix, 0, lineEnd).TrimEnd('\r');
+            if (!firstLine.StartsWith("#!", StringComparison.Ordinal)) return interpreters;
+
+            var tokens = firstLine[2..].Split((char[]?)null, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
+            if (tokens.Length == 0) return interpreters;
+            var interpreter = tokens[0];
+            if (string.Equals(Path.GetFileName(interpreter), "env", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                var index = 1;
+                while (index < tokens.Length && tokens[index].StartsWith("-", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+                {
+                    if (tokens[index] is "-u" or "--unset" or "-C" or "--chdir" or "-a" or "--argv0") index++;
+                    index++;
+                }
+                if (index >= tokens.Length) return interpreters;
+                interpreter = FindOnPath(tokens[index]) ?? string.Empty;
+            }
+
+            var normalized = NormalizeExecutablePath(interpreter);
+            if (normalized is not null) interpreters.Add(normalized);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException or ArgumentException or NotSupportedException)
+        {
+            // A script that cannot be inspected is not claimed based on its process name alone.
+        }
+
+        return interpreters;
+    }
+
+    private static string? FindOnPath(string executableName)
+    {
+        if (Path.IsPathRooted(executableName)) return executableName;
+        var path = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("PATH");
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(path)) return null;
+        foreach (var directory in path.Split(Path.PathSeparator, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries))
+        {
+            var candidate = Path.Combine(directory, executableName);
+            if (File.Exists(candidate)) return candidate;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static StringComparer PathComparer => OperatingSystem.IsWindows()
+        ? StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase
+        : StringComparer.Ordinal;
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/CoreRuntimeSnapshot.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+using ServiceLib.Enums;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal enum CoreRuntimeState
+{
+    Stopped,
+    Starting,
+    Running,
+    Stopping,
+    Restarting,
+    Faulted,
+}
+
+internal sealed record RuntimeListenerSnapshot(
+    string Name,
+    string[] Protocols,
+    string ListenAddress,
+    int Port);
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Immutable description of the Core process that was actually launched. Config changes
+/// never mutate this snapshot; only confirmed runtime transitions replace it.
+/// </summary>
+internal sealed record CoreRuntimeSnapshot(
+    CoreRuntimeState State,
+    string? ProfileId,
+    ECoreType? CoreType,
+    DateTimeOffset? StartedAt,
+    int? ProxyPort,
+    int? ApiPort,
+    RuntimeListenerSnapshot[] Listeners,
+    int[] ProcessIds,
+    string? LastFailure)
+{
+    public static CoreRuntimeSnapshot Stopped { get; } = new(
+        CoreRuntimeState.Stopped,
+        null,
+        null,
+        null,
+        null,
+        null,
+        [],
+        [],
+        null);
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/CoreSettingsApplyPolicy.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal enum CoreSettingsApplyAction
+{
+    SaveOnly,
+    Restart,
+    Busy,
+    Inconsistent,
+}
+
+internal static class CoreSettingsApplyPolicy
+{
+    public static CoreSettingsApplyAction Decide(CoreRuntimeState state, bool hasActiveChild, bool changed) => state switch
+    {
+        CoreRuntimeState.Stopped when !hasActiveChild => CoreSettingsApplyAction.SaveOnly,
+        CoreRuntimeState.Stopped => CoreSettingsApplyAction.Inconsistent,
+        CoreRuntimeState.Running when hasActiveChild && changed => CoreSettingsApplyAction.Restart,
+        CoreRuntimeState.Running when hasActiveChild => CoreSettingsApplyAction.SaveOnly,
+        CoreRuntimeState.Running => CoreSettingsApplyAction.Inconsistent,
+        CoreRuntimeState.Faulted when hasActiveChild => CoreSettingsApplyAction.Restart,
+        CoreRuntimeState.Faulted => CoreSettingsApplyAction.SaveOnly,
+        CoreRuntimeState.Starting or CoreRuntimeState.Stopping or CoreRuntimeState.Restarting => CoreSettingsApplyAction.Busy,
+        _ => CoreSettingsApplyAction.Inconsistent,
+    };
+}
+
+internal sealed record CoreSettingsApplyExecution(CoreSettingsApplyAction Action, OperationView? RestartResult);
+
+internal static class CoreSettingsApplyExecutor
+{
+    public static async Task<CoreSettingsApplyExecution> ExecuteAsync(
+        CoreRuntimeState state,
+        bool hasActiveChild,
+        bool changed,
+        Func<Task<OperationView>> restart)
+    {
+        var action = CoreSettingsApplyPolicy.Decide(state, hasActiveChild, changed);
+        var restartResult = action == CoreSettingsApplyAction.Restart ? await restart() : null;
+        return new(action, restartResult);
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/CoreUpdatePackageStager.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+using System.Formats.Tar;
+using System.IO.Compression;
+using ServiceLib.Common;
+using ServiceLib.Enums;
+using ServiceLib.Manager;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal static class CoreUpdatePackageStager
+{
+    private const int MaxPackageEntries = 4096;
+    private const long MaxExpandedBytes = 512L * 1024 * 1024;
+    private const long MaxArchiveBytes = 512L * 1024 * 1024;
+
+    public static bool SupportsCore(ECoreType coreType) => coreType is ECoreType.Xray or ECoreType.mihomo or ECoreType.sing_box;
+
+    public static bool IsSupported(ECoreType coreType, string archivePath)
+    {
+        var name = archivePath.EndsWith(".tar.gz", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            ? ".tar.gz"
+            : Path.GetExtension(archivePath);
+        return coreType switch
+        {
+            ECoreType.Xray => name.Equals(".zip", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase),
+            ECoreType.mihomo => name.Equals(".gz", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                || name.Equals(".zip", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase),
+            ECoreType.sing_box => name.Equals(".tar.gz", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                || name.Equals(".zip", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase),
+            _ => false,
+        };
+    }
+
+    public static async Task ExtractAsync(ECoreType coreType, string archivePath, string destinationDirectory, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var archiveInfo = new FileInfo(archivePath);
+        if (!archiveInfo.Exists || archiveInfo.Length is <= 0 or > MaxArchiveBytes)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The core update archive is empty or exceeds the size limit.");
+        }
+        if (!IsSupported(coreType, archivePath))
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException($"The downloaded archive format is not supported for {coreType}.");
+        }
+
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(destinationDirectory);
+        if (archivePath.EndsWith(".tar.gz", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            await ExtractTarGzipAsync(archivePath, destinationDirectory, cancellationToken);
+        }
+        else if (Path.GetExtension(archivePath).Equals(".gz", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            await ExtractGzipBinaryAsync(coreType, archivePath, destinationDirectory, cancellationToken);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            await ExtractZipAsync(coreType, archivePath, destinationDirectory, cancellationToken);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static async Task ExtractZipAsync(ECoreType coreType, string archivePath, string destinationDirectory, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        using var archive = ZipFile.OpenRead(archivePath);
+        var files = archive.Entries.Where(entry => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(entry.Name)).ToArray();
+        if (files.Length is 0 or > MaxPackageEntries || files.Sum(entry => entry.Length) > MaxExpandedBytes)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The core update ZIP has an invalid file count or expanded size.");
+        }
+
+        var writtenNames = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        foreach (var entry in files)
+        {
+            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+            var fileName = GetSafeFlatFileName(entry.FullName, entry.ExternalAttributes);
+            // The desktop updater deliberately leaves bundled Geo data untouched; GeoFiles
+            // are updated independently and are not part of a Core binary replacement.
+            if (coreType == ECoreType.Xray && fileName.StartsWith("geo", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+            EnsureUniqueName(writtenNames, fileName);
+            await using var source = entry.Open();
+            await using var target = new FileStream(
+                Path.Combine(destinationDirectory, fileName),
+                FileMode.CreateNew,
+                FileAccess.Write,
+                FileShare.None);
+            await CopyWithLimitAsync(source, target, MaxExpandedBytes, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        if (writtenNames.Count == 0)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The core update ZIP contains no applicable files.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static async Task ExtractGzipBinaryAsync(
+        ECoreType coreType,
+        string archivePath,
+        string destinationDirectory,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var executableName = CoreInfoManager.Instance.GetCoreInfo(coreType)?.CoreExes?.FirstOrDefault()
+            ?? coreType.ToString();
+        var destination = Path.Combine(destinationDirectory, Utils.GetExeName(executableName));
+        await using var source = File.OpenRead(archivePath);
+        await using var gzip = new GZipStream(source, CompressionMode.Decompress);
+        await using var target = new FileStream(destination, FileMode.CreateNew, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.None);
+        await CopyWithLimitAsync(gzip, target, MaxExpandedBytes, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task ExtractTarGzipAsync(string archivePath, string destinationDirectory, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        using var source = File.OpenRead(archivePath);
+        using var gzip = new GZipStream(source, CompressionMode.Decompress);
+        using var reader = new TarReader(gzip);
+        var writtenNames = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        long expandedBytes = 0;
+        var entryCount = 0;
+
+        while (reader.GetNextEntry() is { } entry)
+        {
+            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+            entryCount++;
+            if (entryCount > MaxPackageEntries)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidDataException("The core update tarball has too many entries.");
+            }
+
+            if (entry.EntryType == TarEntryType.Directory)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (entry.EntryType is not (TarEntryType.RegularFile or TarEntryType.V7RegularFile or TarEntryType.ContiguousFile))
+            {
+                throw new InvalidDataException("The core update tarball contains a link or unsupported entry type.");
+            }
+            if (entry.Length < 0 || entry.Length > MaxExpandedBytes)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidDataException("The core update tarball has an invalid file size.");
+            }
+
+            expandedBytes = checked(expandedBytes + entry.Length);
+            if (expandedBytes > MaxExpandedBytes)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidDataException("The core update tarball exceeds the expanded size limit.");
+            }
+
+            var fileName = GetSafeFlatFileName(entry.Name, externalAttributes: 0);
+            EnsureUniqueName(writtenNames, fileName);
+            if (entry.DataStream is null)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidDataException("The core update tarball contains a file without data.");
+            }
+
+            await using var target = new FileStream(
+                Path.Combine(destinationDirectory, fileName),
+                FileMode.CreateNew,
+                FileAccess.Write,
+                FileShare.None);
+            await CopyWithLimitAsync(entry.DataStream, target, MaxExpandedBytes, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        if (writtenNames.Count == 0)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The core update tarball contains no regular files.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string GetSafeFlatFileName(string path, int externalAttributes)
+    {
+        var normalized = path.Replace('\\', '/');
+        while (normalized.StartsWith("./", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            normalized = normalized[2..];
+        }
+        var segments = normalized.Split('/', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
+        if (Path.IsPathRooted(normalized)
+            || segments.Length == 0
+            || segments.Any(segment => segment is "." or "..")
+            || normalized.Contains(':')
+            || ((externalAttributes >> 16) & 0xF000) == 0xA000)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The core update archive contains an unsafe path or symbolic link.");
+        }
+
+        var fileName = Path.GetFileName(normalized);
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(fileName) || fileName is "." or "..")
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The core update archive contains an invalid file name.");
+        }
+        return fileName;
+    }
+
+    private static void EnsureUniqueName(HashSet<string> writtenNames, string fileName)
+    {
+        if (!writtenNames.Add(fileName))
+        {
+            throw new InvalidDataException("The core update archive contains duplicate file names after flattening.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static async Task CopyWithLimitAsync(Stream source, Stream target, long limit, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var buffer = new byte[81920];
+        long total = 0;
+        while (true)
+        {
+            var read = await source.ReadAsync(buffer, cancellationToken);
+            if (read == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+            total += read;
+            if (total > limit)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidDataException("The core update archive expands beyond the size limit.");
+            }
+            await target.WriteAsync(buffer.AsMemory(0, read), cancellationToken);
+        }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/EventHub.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Threading.Channels;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+public sealed class EventHub
+{
+    private const int EventBufferCapacity = 256;
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Guid, EventSubscriber> _subscribers = new();
+
+    public void Publish(string type, object? data)
+    {
+        var message = new WebEvent(type, data, DateTimeOffset.UtcNow);
+        foreach (var subscriber in _subscribers.Values)
+        {
+            if (message.Type != "log" || subscriber.IncludeLogs)
+            {
+                subscriber.Channel.Writer.TryWrite(message);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public async IAsyncEnumerable<WebEvent> Subscribe(
+        [EnumeratorCancellation] CancellationToken cancellationToken = default,
+        bool includeLogs = false)
+    {
+        var id = Guid.NewGuid();
+        var channel = Channel.CreateBounded<WebEvent>(new BoundedChannelOptions(EventBufferCapacity)
+        {
+            FullMode = BoundedChannelFullMode.DropOldest,
+            SingleReader = true,
+            SingleWriter = false,
+        });
+
+        _subscribers[id] = new EventSubscriber(channel, includeLogs);
+        try
+        {
+            await foreach (var message in channel.Reader.ReadAllAsync(cancellationToken))
+            {
+                yield return message;
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _subscribers.TryRemove(id, out _);
+            channel.Writer.TryComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed record EventSubscriber(Channel<WebEvent> Channel, bool IncludeLogs);
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/GeoFilesUpdateCompletion.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal sealed class GeoFilesUpdateCompletion
+{
+    private readonly ConcurrentQueue<string> _failures = new();
+    private int _completionReported;
+
+    public void Report(bool success, string message, bool isProgressMessage)
+    {
+        if (success)
+        {
+            Interlocked.Exchange(ref _completionReported, 1);
+        }
+        else if (!isProgressMessage)
+        {
+            _failures.Enqueue(message);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void EnsureSuccessful()
+    {
+        if (!_failures.IsEmpty)
+        {
+            throw new IOException("GeoFiles update reported an error: " + string.Join("; ", _failures));
+        }
+        if (Volatile.Read(ref _completionReported) == 0)
+        {
+            throw new IOException("GeoFiles update did not report successful completion.");
+        }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/GeoFilesUpdateGate.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Serializes every Web-owned GeoFiles transaction, regardless of whether it was started
+/// manually, as part of a batch update, or by a regional preset.
+/// </summary>
+internal sealed class GeoFilesUpdateGate
+{
+    private readonly SemaphoreSlim _gate = new(1, 1);
+
+    public async Task RunAsync(Func<Task> update, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(update);
+        await _gate.WaitAsync(cancellationToken);
+        try
+        {
+            await update();
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _gate.Release();
+        }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/GeoFilesUpdateTransaction.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Adds Web-owned backup/verification/rollback around ServiceLib's public GeoFiles updater.
+/// The updater remains responsible for deciding which files to download and how to download them.
+/// </summary>
+internal static class GeoFilesUpdateTransaction
+{
+    public static async Task ApplyAsync(
+        IEnumerable<string> managedFiles,
+        IEnumerable<string> requiredFiles,
+        Func<CancellationToken, Task> update,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken,
+        Func<Func<Task>, CancellationToken, Task>? beforeCommit = null)
+    {
+        var required = requiredFiles
+            .Select(Path.GetFullPath)
+            .Distinct(PathComparer)
+            .ToArray();
+        var originalTargets = managedFiles
+            .Concat(required)
+            .Select(Path.GetFullPath)
+            .Distinct(PathComparer)
+            .ToArray();
+        var backupRoot = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), $"v2rayn-WebAPI-geofiles-{Guid.NewGuid():N}");
+        var backups = new Dictionary<string, GeoFileBackup>(PathComparer);
+        var transactionCompleted = false;
+        var rollbackCompleted = false;
+        var updateStarted = false;
+
+        Task RollBackFilesAsync()
+        {
+            if (rollbackCompleted) return Task.CompletedTask;
+
+            var originallyExisting = backups.Keys.ToHashSet(PathComparer);
+            foreach (var target in originalTargets)
+            {
+                if (!originallyExisting.Contains(target) && (File.Exists(target) || IsSymbolicLink(target)))
+                {
+                    File.Delete(target);
+                }
+            }
+
+            foreach (var (target, backup) in backups)
+            {
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(Path.GetDirectoryName(target)!);
+                if (IsSymbolicLink(target)) File.Delete(target);
+                File.Copy(backup.BackupPath, target, overwrite: true);
+                File.SetLastWriteTimeUtc(target, backup.LastWriteTimeUtc);
+            }
+            rollbackCompleted = true;
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(backupRoot);
+            for (var index = 0; index < originalTargets.Length; index++)
+            {
+                cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+                var target = originalTargets[index];
+                if (Directory.Exists(target))
+                {
+                    throw new IOException($"GeoFiles target is a directory: {target}");
+                }
+                if (IsSymbolicLink(target))
+                {
+                    throw new IOException($"GeoFiles target is a symbolic link and cannot be updated safely: {target}");
+                }
+                if (!File.Exists(target)) continue;
+                var backup = Path.Combine(backupRoot, index.ToString("D6", System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
+                var lastWriteTimeUtc = File.GetLastWriteTimeUtc(target);
+                File.Copy(target, backup);
+                backups.Add(target, new GeoFileBackup(backup, lastWriteTimeUtc));
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                updateStarted = true;
+                await update(cancellationToken);
+                cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+                foreach (var requiredFile in required)
+                {
+                    if (!File.Exists(requiredFile) || new FileInfo(requiredFile).Length <= 0)
+                    {
+                        throw new IOException($"GeoFiles update did not produce a non-empty {Path.GetFileName(requiredFile)}.");
+                    }
+                }
+                if (beforeCommit is not null) await beforeCommit(RollBackFilesAsync, cancellationToken);
+                transactionCompleted = true;
+            }
+            catch (Exception updateException)
+            {
+                if (!rollbackCompleted)
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        await RollBackFilesAsync();
+                    }
+                    catch (Exception rollbackException)
+                    {
+                        throw new GeoFilesUpdateRollbackException(backupRoot, updateException, rollbackException);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if ((transactionCompleted || rollbackCompleted || !updateStarted) && Directory.Exists(backupRoot))
+            {
+                try { Directory.Delete(backupRoot, recursive: true); }
+                catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+                {
+                    // A cleanup failure does not invalidate a successful update or rollback.
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static StringComparer PathComparer => OperatingSystem.IsWindows()
+        ? StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase
+        : StringComparer.Ordinal;
+
+    private static bool IsSymbolicLink(string path)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            if (new FileInfo(path).LinkTarget is not null) return true;
+            return File.Exists(path) && File.GetAttributes(path).HasFlag(FileAttributes.ReparsePoint);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is FileNotFoundException or DirectoryNotFoundException)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed record GeoFileBackup(string BackupPath, DateTime LastWriteTimeUtc);
+}
+
+internal sealed class GeoFilesUpdateRollbackException(
+    string backupRoot,
+    Exception updateException,
+    Exception rollbackException)
+    : IOException(
+        $"GeoFiles update failed and rollback is incomplete; the backup set was retained at {backupRoot}.",
+        new AggregateException(updateException, rollbackException))
+{
+    public string BackupRoot { get; } = backupRoot;
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/LogBuffer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+using ServiceLib.Common;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+public sealed class LogBuffer
+{
+    private const int Capacity = 2000;
+    private const int MaximumMessageCharacters = 16 * 1024;
+    private const int MaximumRetainedCharacters = 1_000_000;
+    private readonly object _gate = new();
+    private readonly Queue<LogView> _items = new();
+    private int _retainedCharacters;
+    private long _generation;
+
+    public LogView Add(string source, string message)
+    {
+        var normalized = message.TrimEnd();
+        if (normalized.Length > MaximumMessageCharacters)
+        {
+            const string marker = "… [log entry truncated]";
+            normalized = normalized[..(MaximumMessageCharacters - marker.Length)] + marker;
+        }
+        LogView entry;
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            entry = new LogView(DateTimeOffset.UtcNow, source, normalized, _generation);
+            _items.Enqueue(entry);
+            _retainedCharacters += entry.Source.Length + entry.Message.Length;
+            while (_items.Count > Capacity || _retainedCharacters > MaximumRetainedCharacters)
+            {
+                var removed = _items.Dequeue();
+                _retainedCharacters -= removed.Source.Length + removed.Message.Length;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return entry;
+    }
+
+    public IReadOnlyList<LogView> Recent(int limit, string? filter = null)
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            var query = _items.AsEnumerable();
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(filter))
+            {
+                query = query.Where(item => Utils.IsRegexMatch($"{item.Source} {item.Message}", filter));
+            }
+            return query.TakeLast(Math.Clamp(limit, 1, Capacity)).ToArray();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public LogPageView RecentPage(int page, int pageSize, string? filter = null)
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            var filtered = _items.AsEnumerable();
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(filter))
+            {
+                filtered = filtered.Where(item => Utils.IsRegexMatch($"{item.Source} {item.Message}", filter));
+            }
+
+            var items = filtered.ToArray();
+            var total = items.Length;
+            var safePageSize = Math.Clamp(pageSize, 1, 200);
+            var totalPages = Math.Max(1, (total + safePageSize - 1) / safePageSize);
+            var safePage = Math.Clamp(page, 1, totalPages);
+            var end = total - ((safePage - 1) * safePageSize);
+            var start = Math.Max(0, end - safePageSize);
+
+            return new LogPageView(items.Skip(start).Take(end - start).ToArray(), safePage, safePageSize, total, totalPages);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public long Clear()
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            _items.Clear();
+            _retainedCharacters = 0;
+            return ++_generation;
+        }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/RegionalPresetStager.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,433 @@
+using System.Net;
+using ServiceLib;
+using ServiceLib.Common;
+using ServiceLib.Enums;
+using ServiceLib.Handler;
+using ServiceLib.Models.Configs;
+using ServiceLib.Models.Dto;
+using ServiceLib.Models.Entities;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal sealed record RegionalRoutingPlan(
+    string? TemplateVersion,
+    IReadOnlyList<RoutingItem> Items,
+    string? DefaultRemarks = null,
+    IReadOnlyList<string>? RemoveItemIds = null,
+    string? ExistingDefaultItemId = null,
+    bool ClearLegacyRoutingIndex = false,
+    bool IsBuiltinFallback = false);
+
+internal sealed record RegionalPresetStage(
+    EPresetType Preset,
+    string GeoSourceUrl,
+    string SrsSourceUrl,
+    string RouteRulesTemplateSourceUrl,
+    SimpleDNSItem SimpleDnsItem,
+    IReadOnlyList<DNSItem> DnsItems,
+    RegionalRoutingPlan Routing);
+
+internal sealed class RegionalPresetStager(
+    Func<string, IWebProxy?, CancellationToken, Task<string?>> download,
+    TimeSpan? timeout = null)
+{
+    private static readonly TimeSpan DefaultTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30);
+    private readonly TimeSpan _timeout = timeout ?? DefaultTimeout;
+
+    public async Task<RegionalPresetStage> StageAsync(
+        EPresetType preset,
+        IReadOnlyList<DNSItem> existingDnsItems,
+        IReadOnlyList<RoutingItem> existingRoutingItems,
+        IWebProxy? proxy,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken,
+        string? legacyRoutingIndexId = null)
+    {
+        if (preset == EPresetType.Default)
+        {
+            return new(
+                preset,
+                string.Empty,
+                string.Empty,
+                string.Empty,
+                ConfigHandler.InitBuiltinSimpleDNS(),
+                [CreateDefaultDns(ECoreType.Xray, "V2ray"), CreateDefaultDns(ECoreType.sing_box, "sing-box")],
+                new(null, []));
+        }
+
+        var sourceIndex = preset switch
+        {
+            EPresetType.Russia => 1,
+            EPresetType.Iran => 2,
+            _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(preset), preset, "Unsupported regional preset."),
+        };
+        var xrayItem = existingDnsItems.FirstOrDefault(item => item.CoreType == ECoreType.Xray)
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("The Xray DNS profile is missing.");
+        var singboxItem = existingDnsItems.FirstOrDefault(item => item.CoreType == ECoreType.sing_box)
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("The sing-box DNS profile is missing.");
+        var dnsBaseUrl = Global.DNSTemplateSources[sourceIndex];
+        var routeTemplateUrl = Global.RoutingRulesSources[sourceIndex];
+
+        var xrayTask = StageDnsProfileAsync(ECoreType.Xray, xrayItem, dnsBaseUrl + "v2ray.json", proxy, cancellationToken);
+        var singboxTask = StageDnsProfileAsync(ECoreType.sing_box, singboxItem, dnsBaseUrl + "sing_box.json", proxy, cancellationToken);
+        var simpleDnsTask = StageSimpleDnsAsync(dnsBaseUrl + "simple_dns.json", proxy, cancellationToken);
+        var routingTask = StageRoutingAsync(routeTemplateUrl, existingRoutingItems, legacyRoutingIndexId, proxy, cancellationToken);
+        await Task.WhenAll(xrayTask, singboxTask, simpleDnsTask, routingTask);
+
+        var xrayDns = await xrayTask;
+        var singboxDns = await singboxTask;
+        var simpleDns = await simpleDnsTask;
+        if (simpleDns.UsedFallback)
+        {
+            // Desktop enables both Core-specific DNS profiles when simple_dns.json is unavailable.
+            xrayDns.Enabled = true;
+            singboxDns.Enabled = true;
+        }
+
+        return new(
+            preset,
+            Global.GeoFilesSources[sourceIndex],
+            Global.SingboxRulesetSources[sourceIndex],
+            routeTemplateUrl,
+            simpleDns.Item,
+            [xrayDns, singboxDns],
+            await routingTask);
+    }
+
+    private async Task<DNSItem> StageDnsProfileAsync(
+        ECoreType coreType,
+        DNSItem existing,
+        string url,
+        IWebProxy? proxy,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var content = await TryDownloadAsync(url, proxy, cancellationToken);
+        var template = content is null ? null : JsonUtils.Deserialize<DNSItem>(content);
+        if (template is null)
+        {
+            // ConfigHandler.GetExternalDNSItem returns the current DNS item when the
+            // template cannot be downloaded or parsed.
+            return CloneDnsItem(existing);
+        }
+
+        var normalDnsTask = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(template.NormalDNS)
+            ? Task.FromResult<string?>(null)
+            : TryDownloadAsync(template.NormalDNS, proxy, cancellationToken);
+        var tunDnsTask = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(template.TunDNS)
+            ? Task.FromResult<string?>(null)
+            : TryDownloadAsync(template.TunDNS, proxy, cancellationToken);
+        await Task.WhenAll(normalDnsTask, tunDnsTask);
+
+        // Desktop keeps a successfully downloaded template even when its referenced
+        // NormalDNS/TunDNS resource fails; TryDownloadString then leaves that field empty.
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(template.NormalDNS))
+        {
+            template.NormalDNS = await normalDnsTask ?? string.Empty;
+        }
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(template.TunDNS))
+        {
+            template.TunDNS = await tunDnsTask ?? string.Empty;
+        }
+
+        template.Id = existing.Id;
+        template.Remarks = existing.Remarks;
+        template.Enabled = existing.Enabled;
+        template.CoreType = coreType;
+        return template;
+    }
+
+    private async Task<(SimpleDNSItem Item, bool UsedFallback)> StageSimpleDnsAsync(
+        string url,
+        IWebProxy? proxy,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var content = await TryDownloadAsync(url, proxy, cancellationToken);
+        var template = content is null ? null : JsonUtils.Deserialize<SimpleDNSItem>(content);
+        return template is null
+            ? (ConfigHandler.InitBuiltinSimpleDNS(), true)
+            : (template, false);
+    }
+
+    private async Task<RegionalRoutingPlan> StageRoutingAsync(
+        string url,
+        IReadOnlyList<RoutingItem> existingItems,
+        string? legacyRoutingIndexId,
+        IWebProxy? proxy,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var content = await TryDownloadAsync(url, proxy, cancellationToken);
+        var template = content is null ? null : JsonUtils.Deserialize<RoutingTemplate>(content);
+        if (template is null || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(template.Version) || template.RoutingItems is null)
+        {
+            return StageBuiltinRouting(existingItems, legacyRoutingIndexId);
+        }
+
+        if (existingItems.Any(item => item.Remarks?.StartsWith(template.Version, StringComparison.Ordinal) == true))
+        {
+            // Importing an already-present template version must not change the active route.
+            return new(template.Version, []);
+        }
+
+        var stagedTasks = template.RoutingItems
+            .Select(sourceItem => StageRoutingItemAsync(sourceItem, template.Version, proxy, cancellationToken))
+            .ToArray();
+        var stagedResults = await Task.WhenAll(stagedTasks);
+        var stagedItems = stagedResults.Where(item => item is not null).Cast<RoutingItem>().ToArray();
+        for (var index = 0; index < stagedItems.Length; index++)
+        {
+            stagedItems[index].Sort = existingItems.Count + index + 1;
+        }
+
+        return new(template.Version, stagedItems, stagedItems.FirstOrDefault()?.Remarks);
+    }
+
+    private async Task<RoutingItem?> StageRoutingItemAsync(
+        RoutingItem? sourceItem,
+        string templateVersion,
+        IWebProxy? proxy,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+        if (sourceItem is null || (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(sourceItem.Url) && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(sourceItem.RuleSet)))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        var rulesContent = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(sourceItem.RuleSet)
+            ? sourceItem.RuleSet
+            : await TryDownloadAsync(sourceItem.Url, proxy, cancellationToken);
+        var rules = rulesContent is null ? null : JsonUtils.Deserialize<List<RulesItem>>(rulesContent);
+        if (rules is null)
+        {
+            // Desktop skips an entry whose URL returns no content. Invalid rule JSON is
+            // likewise not a usable AddBatchRoutingRules payload, so skip only that entry.
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        var item = JsonUtils.DeepCopy(sourceItem);
+        if (item is null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        item.Id = string.Empty;
+        item.Remarks = $"{templateVersion}-{item.Remarks}";
+        item.Enabled = true;
+        item.Url = string.Empty;
+        item.IsActive = false;
+        item.RuleNum = rules.Count;
+        item.RuleSet = JsonUtils.Serialize(rules, false);
+        return item;
+    }
+
+    private static RegionalRoutingPlan StageBuiltinRouting(
+        IReadOnlyList<RoutingItem> existingItems,
+        string? legacyRoutingIndexId)
+    {
+        // Match InitBuiltinRouting's one-time locked-profile removal and migration of
+        // RoutingIndexId, while keeping all database writes in the later apply phase.
+        var lockedItem = existingItems.FirstOrDefault(item => item.Locked);
+        var items = lockedItem is null
+            ? existingItems.ToList()
+            : existingItems.Where(item => item.Id != lockedItem.Id).ToList();
+        var removeIds = lockedItem is null || string.IsNullOrEmpty(lockedItem.Id)
+            ? Array.Empty<string>()
+            : [lockedItem.Id];
+        var clearLegacyIndex = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(legacyRoutingIndexId);
+
+        if (items.Count > 0)
+        {
+            var migrationTarget = clearLegacyIndex
+                ? items.FirstOrDefault(item => item.Id == legacyRoutingIndexId)
+                : null;
+            return new(
+                null,
+                [],
+                RemoveItemIds: removeIds,
+                ExistingDefaultItemId: migrationTarget is { IsActive: false } ? migrationTarget.Id : null,
+                ClearLegacyRoutingIndex: clearLegacyIndex,
+                IsBuiltinFallback: true);
+        }
+
+        var defaults = new[]
+        {
+            (Name: "绕过大陆(Whitelist)", Resource: "white"),
+            (Name: "黑名单(Blacklist)", Resource: "black"),
+            (Name: "全局(Global)", Resource: "global"),
+        };
+        var builtins = defaults.Select((entry, index) =>
+        {
+            var rulesContent = EmbedUtils.GetEmbedText(Global.CustomRoutingFileName + entry.Resource);
+            var rules = JsonUtils.Deserialize<List<RulesItem>>(rulesContent)
+                ?? throw new InvalidDataException($"The built-in routing rules '{entry.Resource}' are invalid.");
+            return new RoutingItem
+            {
+                Remarks = $"V4-{entry.Name}",
+                Url = string.Empty,
+                RuleNum = rules.Count,
+                RuleSet = JsonUtils.Serialize(rules, false),
+                Enabled = true,
+                Sort = index + 1,
+            };
+        }).ToArray();
+
+        return new(
+            null,
+            builtins,
+            builtins[0].Remarks,
+            removeIds,
+            ClearLegacyRoutingIndex: clearLegacyIndex,
+            IsBuiltinFallback: true);
+    }
+
+    private async Task<string?> TryDownloadAsync(string url, IWebProxy? proxy, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            return await DownloadRequiredAsync(url, proxy, cancellationToken);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (IsFallbackFailure(exception, cancellationToken))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task<string> DownloadRequiredAsync(string url, IWebProxy? proxy, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        using var timeoutCts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(cancellationToken);
+        timeoutCts.CancelAfter(_timeout);
+        try
+        {
+            var content = await download(url, proxy, timeoutCts.Token);
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(content))
+            {
+                throw new InvalidDataException($"The download returned no content: {url}");
+            }
+            return content;
+        }
+        catch (OperationCanceledException) when (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            throw new TimeoutException($"The download exceeded {_timeout.TotalSeconds:0.###} seconds: {url}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsFallbackFailure(Exception exception, CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+        !cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested
+        && exception is not OperationCanceledException
+        && exception is TimeoutException or HttpRequestException or WebException or IOException or InvalidDataException;
+
+    private static DNSItem CloneDnsItem(DNSItem item) =>
+        JsonUtils.DeepCopy(item) ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("A DNS profile could not be copied for regional preset staging.");
+
+    private static DNSItem CreateDefaultDns(ECoreType coreType, string remarks) => new()
+    {
+        Remarks = remarks,
+        CoreType = coreType,
+        Enabled = false,
+    };
+}
+
+internal static class RegionalPresetWorkflow
+{
+    public static async Task<TResult> RunAsync<TStage, TResult>(
+        Func<CancellationToken, Task<TStage>> stage,
+        Func<TStage, CancellationToken, Task<TResult>> apply,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        TStage staged;
+        try
+        {
+            staged = await stage(cancellationToken);
+        }
+        catch (OperationCanceledException) when (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            throw;
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception)
+        {
+            throw new RegionalPresetStagingException(exception);
+        }
+        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+        return await apply(staged, cancellationToken);
+    }
+}
+
+internal sealed class RegionalPresetStagingException(Exception innerException)
+    : Exception("Regional preset staging failed.", innerException) { }
+
+internal static class RegionalPresetApplyWorkflow
+{
+    public static async Task RunAsync(
+        Func<CancellationToken, Task> applyConfiguration,
+        Func<Func<Func<Task>, CancellationToken, Task>, CancellationToken, Task> updateGeoFilesTransaction,
+        Func<Func<Task>, CancellationToken, Task> completeCoreApply,
+        Func<Task> rollbackConfigurationAndRuntime,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var configurationApplied = false;
+        try
+        {
+            await applyConfiguration(cancellationToken);
+            configurationApplied = true;
+            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+
+            await updateGeoFilesTransaction(async (rollbackGeoFiles, transactionToken) =>
+            {
+                transactionToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+                await completeCoreApply(rollbackGeoFiles, transactionToken);
+            }, cancellationToken);
+        }
+        catch (RegionalPresetCoreApplyFailedException)
+        {
+            // CoreSettingsApply already restored its snapshot/runtime. The enclosing GeoFiles
+            // transaction restores files before this exception is observed by its caller.
+            throw;
+        }
+        catch (Exception applyException)
+        {
+            if (configurationApplied)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    await rollbackConfigurationAndRuntime();
+                }
+                catch (Exception rollbackException)
+                {
+                    throw new RegionalPresetApplyRollbackException(applyException, rollbackException);
+                }
+            }
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+internal sealed class RegionalPresetCoreApplyFailedException : Exception { }
+
+internal sealed class RegionalPresetApplyRollbackException(Exception applyException, Exception rollbackException)
+    : Exception("The regional preset failed and its configuration/runtime rollback also failed.",
+        new AggregateException(applyException, rollbackException)) { }
+
+internal sealed record RegionalPresetApplyResult(bool Success, bool RollbackSucceeded, Exception? Error);
+
+internal static class RegionalPresetTransaction
+{
+    public static async Task<RegionalPresetApplyResult> RunAsync(Func<Task> apply, Func<Task<bool>> rollback)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            await apply();
+            return new(true, true, null);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception)
+        {
+            var rollbackSucceeded = false;
+            try
+            {
+                rollbackSucceeded = await rollback();
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                // Rollback failure is represented in the result; preserve the original apply failure.
+            }
+            return new(false, rollbackSucceeded, exception);
+        }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/RuntimeMutationGate.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Serializes Web-owned mutations of ServiceLib's shared configuration and SQLite state.
+/// Subscription updates hold the gate across ServiceLib's download/import operation so their
+/// profile, configuration, and timestamp changes remain ordered with other Web mutations.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class RuntimeMutationGate
+{
+    private readonly SemaphoreSlim _semaphore = new(1, 1);
+
+    public async Task RunAsync(Func<Task> mutation, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(mutation);
+        await _semaphore.WaitAsync(cancellationToken);
+        try
+        {
+            await mutation();
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _semaphore.Release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public async Task<T> RunAsync<T>(Func<Task<T>> mutation, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(mutation);
+        await _semaphore.WaitAsync(cancellationToken);
+        try
+        {
+            return await mutation();
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _semaphore.Release();
+        }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/RuntimeOperationCoordinator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Tracks stateful runtime work. Normal operations may overlap; maintenance operations
+/// (core updates and restore) take an exclusive lease. Exclusive waiters prevent new
+/// normal work from starving them, and shutdown cancels all linked operation tokens.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class RuntimeOperationCoordinator
+{
+    private static readonly TimeSpan DefaultDrainTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
+    private readonly object _sync = new();
+    private readonly CancellationTokenSource _shutdown = new();
+    private TaskCompletionSource _changed = NewSignal();
+    private int _activeOperations;
+    private int _waitingExclusive;
+    private bool _exclusiveActive;
+    private bool _exclusiveAllowsObservations;
+    private bool _stopping;
+
+    public CancellationToken ShutdownToken => _shutdown.Token;
+    public bool IsStopping
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (_sync) return _stopping;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void RejectNewOperations()
+    {
+        lock (_sync)
+        {
+            _stopping = true;
+            SignalChange();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ValueTask<Lease> EnterOperationAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) =>
+        EnterAsync(exclusive: false, allowReadOnlyObservation: false, cancellationToken);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Acquires a shared lease for an observational request such as status, operations, or logs.
+    /// During selected maintenance windows these requests may also run concurrently with the
+    /// exclusive operation; they must remain read-only and must not access resources being swapped.
+    /// </summary>
+    public ValueTask<Lease> EnterObservationAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) =>
+        EnterAsync(exclusive: false, allowReadOnlyObservation: true, cancellationToken);
+
+    public ValueTask<Lease> EnterExclusiveAsync(
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default,
+        bool allowReadOnlyObservations = false) =>
+        EnterAsync(exclusive: true, allowReadOnlyObservation: false, cancellationToken, allowReadOnlyObservations);
+
+    private async ValueTask<Lease> EnterAsync(
+        bool exclusive,
+        bool allowReadOnlyObservation,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken,
+        bool allowReadOnlyObservations = false)
+    {
+        var linked = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(cancellationToken, _shutdown.Token);
+        var waiting = false;
+        try
+        {
+            while (true)
+            {
+                linked.Token.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+                Task waitTask;
+                lock (_sync)
+                {
+                    if (_stopping)
+                    {
+                        throw new OperationCanceledException(_shutdown.Token);
+                    }
+                    if (linked.IsCancellationRequested)
+                    {
+                        throw new OperationCanceledException(linked.Token);
+                    }
+
+                    if (exclusive && !waiting)
+                    {
+                        _waitingExclusive++;
+                        waiting = true;
+                    }
+
+                    if (exclusive && !_exclusiveActive && _activeOperations == 0)
+                    {
+                        _waitingExclusive--;
+                        waiting = false;
+                        _exclusiveActive = true;
+                        _exclusiveAllowsObservations = allowReadOnlyObservations;
+                        return new Lease(this, exclusive: true, linked);
+                    }
+
+                    if (!exclusive && !_exclusiveActive && _waitingExclusive == 0)
+                    {
+                        _activeOperations++;
+                        return new Lease(this, exclusive: false, linked);
+                    }
+
+                    if (allowReadOnlyObservation
+                        && _exclusiveActive
+                        && _exclusiveAllowsObservations
+                        && _waitingExclusive == 0)
+                    {
+                        // Count observations as active so shutdown drains them and a subsequent
+                        // exclusive operation cannot begin while one is still running.
+                        _activeOperations++;
+                        return new Lease(this, exclusive: false, linked);
+                    }
+
+                    waitTask = _changed.Task;
+                }
+
+                await waitTask.WaitAsync(linked.Token);
+            }
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            linked.Dispose();
+            if (waiting)
+            {
+                lock (_sync)
+                {
+                    _waitingExclusive--;
+                    SignalChange();
+                }
+            }
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public async Task<bool> StopAndDrainAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken, TimeSpan? timeout = null)
+    {
+        lock (_sync)
+        {
+            _stopping = true;
+            SignalChange();
+        }
+
+        using var drainCancellation = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(cancellationToken);
+        drainCancellation.CancelAfter(timeout ?? DefaultDrainTimeout);
+
+        try
+        {
+            await _shutdown.CancelAsync().WaitAsync(drainCancellation.Token);
+            while (true)
+            {
+                Task waitTask;
+                lock (_sync)
+                {
+                    if (_activeOperations == 0 && !_exclusiveActive && _waitingExclusive == 0)
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    waitTask = _changed.Task;
+                }
+
+                await waitTask.WaitAsync(drainCancellation.Token);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (OperationCanceledException) when (drainCancellation.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void Release(bool exclusive)
+    {
+        lock (_sync)
+        {
+            if (exclusive)
+            {
+                _exclusiveActive = false;
+                _exclusiveAllowsObservations = false;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _activeOperations--;
+            }
+            SignalChange();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void SignalChange()
+    {
+        var old = _changed;
+        _changed = NewSignal();
+        old.TrySetResult();
+    }
+
+    private static TaskCompletionSource NewSignal() =>
+        new(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+
+    public sealed class Lease : IAsyncDisposable, IDisposable
+    {
+        private RuntimeOperationCoordinator? _owner;
+        private readonly bool _exclusive;
+        private readonly CancellationTokenSource _linked;
+
+        internal Lease(RuntimeOperationCoordinator owner, bool exclusive, CancellationTokenSource linked)
+        {
+            _owner = owner;
+            _exclusive = exclusive;
+            _linked = linked;
+        }
+
+        public CancellationToken Token => _linked.Token;
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            var owner = Interlocked.Exchange(ref _owner, null);
+            if (owner is null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+            _linked.Dispose();
+            owner.Release(_exclusive);
+        }
+
+        public ValueTask DisposeAsync()
+        {
+            Dispose();
+            return ValueTask.CompletedTask;
+        }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/RuntimeRequestOperationPolicy.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal enum RuntimeRequestOperationKind
+{
+    Shared,
+    Observation,
+    Exclusive,
+    ExclusiveReadOnly,
+    Background,
+}
+
+internal static class RuntimeRequestOperationPolicy
+{
+    public static RuntimeRequestOperationKind Classify(string method, string path)
+    {
+        var normalizedPath = path.TrimEnd('/');
+        var isPost = string.Equals(method, "POST", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        var isGet = string.Equals(method, "GET", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+
+        if (isPost
+            && (normalizedPath is "/api/core/xray/update" or "/api/core/geo/update" or "/api/web-updates/update" or "/api/speedtests"
+                or "/api/subscriptions/update" or "/api/backup/restore" or "/api/backup/webdav/restore"
+                || normalizedPath.StartsWith("/api/settings/regional-presets/", StringComparison.Ordinal)
+                || normalizedPath.StartsWith("/api/core-updates/", StringComparison.Ordinal)
+                    && normalizedPath.EndsWith("/update", StringComparison.Ordinal)
+                || (normalizedPath.StartsWith("/api/subscriptions/", StringComparison.Ordinal)
+                    && normalizedPath.EndsWith("/update", StringComparison.Ordinal))))
+        {
+            return RuntimeRequestOperationKind.Background;
+        }
+
+        if (isGet
+            && normalizedPath is "/api/status" or "/api/operations" or "/api/logs" or "/api/logs/page")
+        {
+            return RuntimeRequestOperationKind.Observation;
+        }
+
+        if (!isGet && normalizedPath.StartsWith("/api/settings/", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            return RuntimeRequestOperationKind.ExclusiveReadOnly;
+        }
+
+        if ((isGet && normalizedPath == "/api/backup/download")
+            || (isPost && normalizedPath == "/api/backup/webdav"))
+        {
+            return RuntimeRequestOperationKind.Exclusive;
+        }
+
+        return RuntimeRequestOperationKind.Shared;
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/RuntimeRestartRecovery.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal sealed record RuntimeRestartIntent(bool WasRunning, string? PreferredProfileId)
+{
+    public string Reason { get; init; } = "Restore";
+}
+
+internal enum RuntimeRestartRecoverySource
+{
+    NotRequested,
+    PreferredProfile,
+    SelectedProfile,
+    DefaultProfile,
+    NoProfile,
+    StartFailed,
+}
+
+internal sealed record RuntimeRestartRecoveryResult(
+    RuntimeRestartRecoverySource Source,
+    string? ProfileId = null,
+    string? FailureCode = null);
+
+internal static class RuntimeRestartRecovery
+{
+    public static bool ShouldAutoStart(RuntimeRestartIntent? intent, bool configured, bool setupRequired = false) =>
+        !setupRequired && intent is null && configured;
+
+    public static bool ShouldRecoverCore(RuntimeRestartIntent? intent, bool setupRequired) =>
+        !setupRequired && intent?.WasRunning == true;
+
+    public static async Task<RuntimeRestartRecoveryResult> RecoverAsync(
+        RuntimeRestartIntent intent,
+        string? selectedProfileId,
+        string? defaultProfileId,
+        Func<string, CancellationToken, Task<bool>> profileExists,
+        Func<string, CancellationToken, Task<OperationView>> startCore,
+        Action<string> log,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (!intent.WasRunning)
+        {
+            return new(RuntimeRestartRecoverySource.NotRequested);
+        }
+
+        var reason = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(intent.Reason) ? "Runtime restart" : intent.Reason;
+        log($"{reason} requested Core runtime recovery.");
+        var preferredId = Normalize(intent.PreferredProfileId);
+        if (preferredId is not null && await profileExists(preferredId, cancellationToken))
+        {
+            return await StartAsync(preferredId, reason, RuntimeRestartRecoverySource.PreferredProfile, startCore, log, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        if (preferredId is not null)
+        {
+            log($"Previous profile {preferredId} no longer exists after {reason.ToLowerInvariant()}.");
+        }
+
+        var selectedId = Normalize(selectedProfileId);
+        if (selectedId is not null && selectedId != preferredId)
+        {
+            if (await profileExists(selectedId, cancellationToken))
+            {
+                log($"Falling back to selected profile {selectedId}.");
+                return await StartAsync(selectedId, reason, RuntimeRestartRecoverySource.SelectedProfile, startCore, log, cancellationToken);
+            }
+
+            log($"Selected profile {selectedId} does not exist after {reason.ToLowerInvariant()}.");
+        }
+
+        var fallbackId = Normalize(defaultProfileId);
+        if (fallbackId is not null && fallbackId != preferredId && fallbackId != selectedId
+            && await profileExists(fallbackId, cancellationToken))
+        {
+            log($"Falling back to the ServiceLib default profile {fallbackId}.");
+            return await StartAsync(fallbackId, reason, RuntimeRestartRecoverySource.DefaultProfile, startCore, log, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        log($"{reason} requested Core runtime recovery, but no valid profile exists in the current configuration. Core remains stopped.");
+        return new(RuntimeRestartRecoverySource.NoProfile);
+    }
+
+    private static async Task<RuntimeRestartRecoveryResult> StartAsync(
+        string profileId,
+        string reason,
+        RuntimeRestartRecoverySource source,
+        Func<string, CancellationToken, Task<OperationView>> startCore,
+        Action<string> log,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var result = await startCore(profileId, cancellationToken);
+        if (result.Success)
+        {
+            log($"Core runtime restored successfully using {profileId}.");
+            return new(source, profileId);
+        }
+
+        log($"{reason} requested Core runtime recovery, but Core failed to start using {profileId} (code: {result.Code}). No further restart will be attempted.");
+        return new(RuntimeRestartRecoverySource.StartFailed, profileId, result.Code);
+    }
+
+    private static string? Normalize(string? profileId) =>
+        string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(profileId) ? null : profileId;
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/ShutdownCleanupSequence.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+internal static class RuntimeShutdownBudgets
+{
+    // Runtime cleanup owns 20 seconds; the host retains 5 seconds, systemd is
+    // configured to 30 seconds, and the native --stop launcher waits 5 seconds more.
+    public static readonly TimeSpan RuntimeCleanup = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(20);
+    public static readonly TimeSpan HostShutdown = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(25);
+    public static readonly TimeSpan LauncherWait = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(35);
+    // Used when the host shutdown budget was already exhausted before cleanup
+    // started, for example while the web server drained long-lived connections.
+    public static readonly TimeSpan LateCleanup = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5);
+}
+
+internal static class ShutdownDiagnostics
+{
+    private static string? _currentStage;
+
+    public static string? CurrentStage => Volatile.Read(ref _currentStage);
+
+    public static void SetStage(string? stage) => Volatile.Write(ref _currentStage, stage);
+}
+
+internal sealed class ShutdownDeadline : IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly TimeSpan _budget;
+    private readonly Stopwatch _elapsed = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+    private readonly CancellationTokenSource _deadlineCancellation;
+    private readonly CancellationTokenSource _linkedCancellation;
+
+    public ShutdownDeadline(TimeSpan budget, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (budget <= TimeSpan.Zero)
+        {
+            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(budget));
+        }
+
+        _budget = budget;
+        _deadlineCancellation = new CancellationTokenSource(budget);
+        _linkedCancellation = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(
+            cancellationToken,
+            _deadlineCancellation.Token);
+    }
+
+    public CancellationToken Token => _linkedCancellation.Token;
+
+    public TimeSpan Remaining
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            var remaining = _budget - _elapsed.Elapsed;
+            return remaining > TimeSpan.Zero ? remaining : TimeSpan.Zero;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        _linkedCancellation.Dispose();
+        _deadlineCancellation.Dispose();
+    }
+}
+
+internal sealed record ShutdownCleanupStep(
+    string Name,
+    Func<ShutdownDeadline, Task<bool>> ExecuteAsync);
+
+internal static class ShutdownCleanupSequence
+{
+    public static async Task<bool> RunAsync(
+        IEnumerable<ShutdownCleanupStep> steps,
+        TimeSpan budget,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken,
+        Action<string> log,
+        Action<string?>? stageChanged = null)
+    {
+        if (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            // The host token can already be canceled when cleanup starts, for
+            // example while the web server drains long-lived stream connections.
+            // Cleanup is still worth a short, fresh window: it stops the Core
+            // child and saves shared state instead of skipping both.
+            log("Shutdown started after the host shutdown budget was exhausted; running a reduced cleanup with a fresh budget.");
+            budget = RuntimeShutdownBudgets.LateCleanup;
+            cancellationToken = CancellationToken.None;
+        }
+
+        using var deadline = new ShutdownDeadline(budget, cancellationToken);
+        foreach (var step in steps)
+        {
+            var remaining = deadline.Remaining;
+            if (remaining <= TimeSpan.Zero)
+            {
+                log($"Shutdown deadline expired before '{step.Name}'; all later cleanup was skipped.");
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            stageChanged?.Invoke(step.Name);
+            try
+            {
+                // Run the synchronous prefix on the thread pool too, so a blocking cleanup
+                // implementation cannot prevent the overall deadline from being enforced.
+                var execution = Task.Run(async () => await step.ExecuteAsync(deadline));
+                var completed = await execution.WaitAsync(remaining, deadline.Token);
+                if (!completed)
+                {
+                    log($"Shutdown stopped at '{step.Name}'; all later cleanup was skipped.");
+                    return false;
+                }
+                stageChanged?.Invoke(null);
+            }
+            catch (TimeoutException)
+            {
+                log($"Shutdown deadline expired during '{step.Name}'; all later cleanup was skipped.");
+                return false;
+            }
+            catch (OperationCanceledException) when (deadline.Token.IsCancellationRequested)
+            {
+                log($"Shutdown was canceled during '{step.Name}'; all later cleanup was skipped.");
+                return false;
+            }
+            catch (Exception exception)
+            {
+                log($"Shutdown cleanup failed at '{step.Name}': {exception.Message}; all later cleanup was skipped.");
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        stageChanged?.Invoke(null);
+        return true;
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/V2rayHostedService.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Security;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+public sealed class V2rayHostedService(V2rayRuntime runtime, WebAuthService webAuth) : IHostedService
+{
+    public Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+        runtime.InitializeAsync(cancellationToken, suppressCoreAutostart: webAuth.SetupRequired);
+
+    public Task StopAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken) => runtime.ShutdownAsync(cancellationToken);
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/V2rayRuntime.Backup.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,848 @@
+using System.IO.Compression;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using SQLite;
+using ServiceLib;
+using ServiceLib.Common;
+using ServiceLib.Handler;
+using ServiceLib.Helper;
+using ServiceLib.Manager;
+using ServiceLib.Models.Configs;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Launcher;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+public sealed partial class V2rayRuntime
+{
+    private readonly object _restoreShutdownGate = new();
+    private Task? _restoreShutdownTask;
+    private const long MaxBackupArchiveBytes = 64L * 1024 * 1024;
+    private const long MaxBackupExpandedBytes = 256L * 1024 * 1024;
+    private const int MaxBackupEntries = 2048;
+    internal const string WebAuthFileName = "WebAPI-auth.json";
+    private const string RestoreRuntimeStateFileName = "v2rayn-WebAPI-restore-state.json";
+    private NativeWebRestoreReplacement? _nativeRestoreReplacement;
+
+    public NativeWebRestoreReplacement? NativeRestoreReplacement => _nativeRestoreReplacement;
+
+    public WebDavSettingsView GetWebDavSettings() => new(
+        Config.WebDavItem.Url,
+        Config.WebDavItem.UserName,
+        Config.WebDavItem.DirName,
+        !string.IsNullOrEmpty(Config.WebDavItem.Password));
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> UpdateWebDavSettingsAsync(WebDavSettingsInput input)
+    {
+        await _mutations.RunAsync(async () =>
+        {
+            Config.WebDavItem.Url = input.Url?.Trim();
+            Config.WebDavItem.UserName = input.UserName?.Trim();
+            if (input.Password is not null)
+            {
+                Config.WebDavItem.Password = input.Password;
+            }
+            Config.WebDavItem.DirName = input.DirName?.Trim();
+            await EnsureConfigSaveSucceededAsync(() => ConfigHandler.SaveConfig(Config));
+        });
+        return OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.WebDavSettingsSaved);
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> CheckWebDavAsync()
+    {
+        var success = await WebDavManager.Instance.CheckConnection();
+        if (!success)
+        {
+            AddLog("backup", WebDavManager.Instance.GetLastError());
+        }
+        return success
+            ? OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.WebDavCheckSucceeded)
+            : OperationView.Fail("webdav_check_failed", ApiMessageKeys.WebDavCheckFailed);
+    }
+
+    public async Task<(OperationView Result, string? FilePath)> CreateBackupArchiveAsync()
+    {
+        await _mutations.RunAsync(async () =>
+        {
+            await EnsureConfigSaveSucceededAsync(() => ConfigHandler.SaveConfig(Config));
+            await ProfileExManager.Instance.SaveTo();
+            await StatisticsManager.Instance.SaveTo();
+        });
+
+        var archivePath = Utils.GetBackupPath($"backup_{DateTime.UtcNow:yyyyMMddHHmmss}_{Guid.NewGuid():N}.zip");
+        var tempRoot = Utils.GetTempPath($"backup_{Utils.GetGuid(false)}");
+        var tempConfigPath = Path.Combine(tempRoot, "guiConfigs");
+        try
+        {
+            CopyConfigForBackup(Utils.GetConfigPath(), tempConfigPath);
+            if (!FileUtils.CreateFromDirectory(tempRoot, archivePath))
+            {
+                return (OperationView.Fail("backup_create_failed", ApiMessageKeys.BackupArchiveInvalid), null);
+            }
+            if (new FileInfo(archivePath).Length > MaxBackupArchiveBytes)
+            {
+                File.Delete(archivePath);
+                return (OperationView.Fail("backup_archive_too_large", ApiMessageKeys.BackupArchiveInvalid), null);
+            }
+            return (OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.BackupCreated, new { fileName = Path.GetFileName(archivePath) }), archivePath);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(archivePath))
+            {
+                File.Delete(archivePath);
+            }
+            return (OperationView.Fail("backup_create_failed", ApiMessageKeys.BackupArchiveInvalid), null);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (Directory.Exists(tempRoot))
+            {
+                Directory.Delete(tempRoot, true);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> BackupToWebDavAsync()
+    {
+        var (result, archivePath) = await CreateBackupArchiveAsync();
+        if (!result.Success || archivePath is null)
+        {
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            if (!await WebDavManager.Instance.PutFile(archivePath))
+            {
+                AddLog("backup", WebDavManager.Instance.GetLastError());
+                return OperationView.Fail("webdav_backup_failed", ApiMessageKeys.WebDavCheckFailed);
+            }
+            return OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.WebDavBackupSucceeded, new { fileName = Path.GetFileName(archivePath) });
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(archivePath))
+            {
+                File.Delete(archivePath);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> RestoreFromWebDavAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var archivePath = Utils.GetTempPath($"restore_{Utils.GetGuid(false)}.zip");
+        if (!await WebDavManager.Instance.GetRawFile(archivePath))
+        {
+            AddLog("backup", WebDavManager.Instance.GetLastError());
+            if (File.Exists(archivePath))
+            {
+                File.Delete(archivePath);
+            }
+            return OperationView.Fail("webdav_restore_download_failed", ApiMessageKeys.WebDavRestoreFailed);
+        }
+        return await RestoreBackupArchiveAsync(archivePath, cancellationToken);
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> RestoreFromUploadAsync(Stream archive, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var archivePath = Utils.GetTempPath($"restore_{Utils.GetGuid(false)}.zip");
+        try
+        {
+            await using (var output = new FileStream(archivePath, FileMode.CreateNew, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.None))
+            {
+                await CopyWithLimitAsync(archive, output, MaxBackupArchiveBytes, cancellationToken);
+            }
+            return await RestoreBackupArchiveAsync(archivePath, cancellationToken);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(archivePath))
+            {
+                File.Delete(archivePath);
+            }
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task<OperationView> RestoreBackupArchiveAsync(string archivePath, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var stagingRoot = Utils.GetTempPath($"restore_stage_{Utils.GetGuid(false)}");
+        var databaseClosed = false;
+        RuntimeOperationCoordinator.Lease? operation = null;
+        var restoreStateWritten = false;
+        RuntimeRestartIntent? restoreState = null;
+        try
+        {
+            operation = await _operations.EnterExclusiveAsync(cancellationToken);
+            cancellationToken = operation.Token;
+            if (!IsSafeBackupArchive(archivePath))
+            {
+                return OperationView.Fail("backup_archive_invalid", ApiMessageKeys.BackupArchiveInvalid);
+            }
+
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(stagingRoot);
+            if (!TryExtractBackupConfig(archivePath, stagingRoot)
+                || !IsValidBackupConfig(Path.Combine(stagingRoot, Global.ConfigFileName)))
+            {
+                return OperationView.Fail("backup_archive_invalid", ApiMessageKeys.BackupArchiveInvalid);
+            }
+            var databasePath = Path.Combine(stagingRoot, "guiNDB.db");
+            if (File.Exists(databasePath) && !BackupDatabaseCompatibility.IsCompatible(databasePath, out var databaseError))
+            {
+                AddLog("backup", $"Restore preflight rejected guiNDB.db: {databaseError}");
+                return OperationView.Fail("backup_database_incompatible", ApiMessageKeys.BackupDatabaseIncompatible);
+            }
+
+            _nativeRestoreReplacement = null;
+            var preflight = EvaluateNativeRestorePreflight();
+            return await BackupRestorePreflightGate.ExecuteAsync(preflight, async () =>
+            {
+                _nativeRestoreReplacement = preflight.Replacement;
+                var (backupResult, safetyBackupPath) = await CreateBackupArchiveAsync();
+                if (!backupResult.Success || safetyBackupPath is null)
+                {
+                    return OperationView.Fail("backup_safety_copy_failed", ApiMessageKeys.BackupRestoreFailed);
+                }
+
+                var previousRuntime = CurrentCoreRuntime;
+                restoreState = new RuntimeRestartIntent(
+                    previousRuntime.State == CoreRuntimeState.Running,
+                    previousRuntime.ProfileId);
+                await WriteRestoreRuntimeStateAsync(restoreState);
+                restoreStateWritten = true;
+                SetCoreRuntime(previousRuntime with { State = CoreRuntimeState.Stopping, LastFailure = null });
+                await StopCoreMonitorAsync();
+                await StopCoreAndConfirmAsync(cancellationToken);
+                SetCoreRuntime(CoreRuntimeSnapshot.Stopped);
+                await ProfileExManager.Instance.SaveTo();
+                await StatisticsManager.Instance.SaveTo();
+                StatisticsManager.Instance.Close();
+                await _mutations.RunAsync(() => EnsureConfigSaveSucceededAsync(() => ConfigHandler.SaveConfig(Config)), cancellationToken);
+                await SQLiteHelper.Instance.DisposeDbConnectionAsync();
+                databaseClosed = true;
+
+                var configPath = Utils.GetConfigPath();
+                var configParent = Path.GetDirectoryName(configPath)
+                    ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("The configuration directory has no parent directory.");
+                var candidatePath = Path.Combine(configParent, $".guiConfigs-restore-{Guid.NewGuid():N}");
+                var displacedPath = Path.Combine(configParent, $".guiConfigs-before-restore-{Guid.NewGuid():N}");
+                try
+                {
+                    PrepareRestoredConfigDirectory(stagingRoot, configPath, candidatePath);
+                    ReplaceConfigDirectory(candidatePath, configPath, displacedPath);
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    TryDeleteRestoreDirectory(candidatePath, "restore candidate");
+                    TryDeleteRestoreDirectory(displacedPath, "displaced configuration");
+                }
+
+                _restoring = true;
+                _operations.RejectNewOperations();
+                RequestHostShutdownForRestore();
+                return OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.BackupRestoreStarted,
+                    new { restartRequired = true, safetyBackup = Path.GetFileName(safetyBackupPath) });
+            });
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception)
+        {
+            AddLog("backup", $"Restore failed: {exception.Message}");
+            if (databaseClosed)
+            {
+                _restoring = true;
+                _operations.RejectNewOperations();
+                RequestHostShutdownForRestore();
+            }
+            else if (restoreStateWritten)
+            {
+                TryDeleteRestoreRuntimeState();
+                if (restoreState is not null)
+                {
+                    await RecoverRuntimeAfterFailedRestoreAsync(
+                        restoreState,
+                        GetActiveCoreProcessIds(),
+                        (processIds, failure) => SetCoreRuntime(CurrentCoreRuntime with
+                        {
+                            State = CoreRuntimeState.Faulted,
+                            ProcessIds = processIds,
+                            LastFailure = failure,
+                        }),
+                        StartCoreAsync,
+                        message => AddLog("backup", message),
+                        CancellationToken.None);
+                }
+            }
+            return OperationView.Fail("backup_restore_failed", ApiMessageKeys.BackupRestoreFailed);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (operation is not null)
+            {
+                await operation.DisposeAsync();
+            }
+            try
+            {
+                if (Directory.Exists(stagingRoot))
+                {
+                    Directory.Delete(stagingRoot, true);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception exception)
+            {
+                AddLog("backup", $"Restore staging cleanup failed: {exception.Message}");
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                if (File.Exists(archivePath))
+                {
+                    File.Delete(archivePath);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private NativeWebRestorePreflightResult EvaluateNativeRestorePreflight()
+    {
+        var processPath = Environment.ProcessPath;
+        var processArguments = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs();
+        return NativeWebRestorePreflight.Evaluate(
+            _configuration,
+            isLinux: OperatingSystem.IsLinux(),
+            isWindows: OperatingSystem.IsWindows(),
+            externalSupervisor: LauncherEnvironment.IsSystemdManagedDeployment(),
+            containerEnvironment: LauncherEnvironment.IsCurrentContainerEnvironment(),
+            setsidPath: OperatingSystem.IsLinux() ? LinuxXdgBrowserOpener.FindExecutable("setsid") : null,
+            processPath: processPath,
+            managedEntryPoint: WebReplacementCommand.GetManagedEntryPoint(processPath, processArguments),
+            hostArguments: GetCurrentHostArguments(),
+            coreWasRunning: CurrentCoreRuntime.State == CoreRuntimeState.Running);
+    }
+
+    // Restore failed before database replacement: bring the pre-restore Core runtime intent
+    // back. Only Web-captured Core process identities prove that the previous Core still
+    // exists; listener or port occupancy is never used as process ownership. When no tracked
+    // process remains, the normal start path attempts the restart and its launch preflight
+    // reports a port conflict (proxy_port_in_use) if another program now owns the port.
+    internal static async Task<OperationView?> RecoverRuntimeAfterFailedRestoreAsync(
+        RuntimeRestartIntent restoreState,
+        int[] remainingCoreProcessIds,
+        Action<int[], string> markRuntimeFaulted,
+        Func<string?, CancellationToken, Task<OperationView>> startCore,
+        Action<string> log,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (!restoreState.WasRunning)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (remainingCoreProcessIds.Length > 0)
+        {
+            const string failure = "Restore was canceled before database replacement; the Web runtime could not confirm that the previous Core had stopped.";
+            markRuntimeFaulted(remainingCoreProcessIds, failure);
+            log(failure);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        var restart = await startCore(restoreState.PreferredProfileId, cancellationToken);
+        if (!restart.Success)
+        {
+            log($"Restore was canceled before database replacement, and the previous Core runtime intent could not be restored: {restart.Code}");
+        }
+        return restart;
+    }
+
+    private void TryDeleteRestoreDirectory(string path, string description)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            if (Directory.Exists(path))
+            {
+                Directory.Delete(path, recursive: true);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception)
+        {
+            AddLog("backup", $"Restore {description} cleanup failed: {exception.Message}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void RequestHostShutdownForRestore()
+    {
+        Interlocked.Exchange(ref _restoreAndRestartRequested, 1);
+        lock (_restoreShutdownGate)
+        {
+            if (_restoreShutdownTask is { IsCompleted: false })
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+            var stoppingToken = _lifetime.ApplicationStopping;
+            _restoreShutdownTask = Task.Run(async () =>
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    // Give the restore API response time to flush; process handoff below
+                    // waits for the actual instance lock, never for this delay.
+                    await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), stoppingToken);
+                    if (!stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+                    {
+                        _lifetime.StopApplication();
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (OperationCanceledException) when (stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+                {
+                    // The host is already stopping.
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static string RestoreRuntimeStatePath => Path.Combine(Utils.StartupPath(), RestoreRuntimeStateFileName);
+    internal static string WebUpdateRuntimeStatePath => Utils.GetTempPath("WebAPI-update-runtime-state.json");
+
+    private static async Task WriteRestoreRuntimeStateAsync(RuntimeRestartIntent state)
+    {
+        await WriteRuntimeIntentAsync(RestoreRuntimeStatePath, state);
+    }
+
+    internal static async Task WriteRuntimeIntentAsync(string path, RuntimeRestartIntent state)
+    {
+        var temporary = path + $".{Guid.NewGuid():N}.tmp";
+        try
+        {
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(Path.GetDirectoryName(path)!);
+            await File.WriteAllTextAsync(temporary, JsonSerializer.Serialize(state));
+            File.Move(temporary, path, overwrite: true);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(temporary)) File.Delete(temporary);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Task<RuntimeRestartIntent?> LoadRestoreRuntimeStateAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+        LoadRuntimeRestartIntentAsync(RestoreRuntimeStatePath, cancellationToken);
+
+    internal static async Task<RuntimeRestartIntent?> LoadRuntimeRestartIntentAsync(string path, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        RequeueAbandonedRestoreRuntimeClaim(path);
+        try
+        {
+            if (!File.Exists(path)) return null;
+            var json = await File.ReadAllTextAsync(path, cancellationToken);
+            return JsonSerializer.Deserialize<RuntimeRestartIntent>(json);
+        }
+        catch (FileNotFoundException)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        catch (DirectoryNotFoundException)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or JsonException)
+        {
+            Logging.SaveLog("Restore runtime-state marker could not be read: " + exception.Message);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static Task CommitRestoreRuntimeStateAsync() => CommitRestoreRuntimeStateAsync(RestoreRuntimeStatePath);
+
+    internal static Task CommitRestoreRuntimeStateAsync(string path)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            // Keep the primary marker until every abandoned claim has been removed. If
+            // cleanup fails or the process crashes here, startup still has a recoverable
+            // authoritative marker and can retry cleanup.
+            DeleteRestoreRuntimeClaims(path, requireComplete: true);
+            if (File.Exists(path)) File.Delete(path);
+            if (File.Exists(path))
+            {
+                throw new IOException("The committed restore runtime-state marker still exists.");
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            Logging.SaveLog("Committed restore runtime-state marker could not be removed: " + exception.Message);
+            return Task.FromException(exception);
+        }
+        return Task.CompletedTask;
+    }
+
+    private static void RequeueAbandonedRestoreRuntimeClaim(string path)
+    {
+        var directory = Path.GetDirectoryName(path);
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(directory) || !Directory.Exists(directory)) return;
+        try
+        {
+            var pattern = Path.GetFileName(path) + ".consuming-*";
+            var claims = Directory.EnumerateFiles(directory, pattern, SearchOption.TopDirectoryOnly)
+                .OrderBy(claim => claim, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+                .Select(ReadRestoreRuntimeClaim)
+                .ToArray();
+
+            // A valid primary marker is authoritative when an interrupted consume left
+            // duplicate claims behind. An invalid primary must not hide the only valid
+            // recoverable claim.
+            if (TryReadRestoreRuntimeIntent(path) is not null)
+            {
+                DeleteRestoreRuntimeClaims(path);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // A consuming claim is a renamed copy of the marker. Prefer the most recently
+            // written valid intent; ties prefer the more informative running/profile state,
+            // then the ordinal filename. Never rely on directory enumeration order.
+            var selected = claims
+                .Where(claim => claim.Intent is not null)
+                .OrderByDescending(claim => claim.LastWriteTimeUtc)
+                .ThenByDescending(claim => claim.Intent!.WasRunning)
+                .ThenByDescending(claim => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(claim.Intent!.PreferredProfileId))
+                .ThenBy(claim => claim.Path, StringComparer.Ordinal)
+                .FirstOrDefault();
+
+            if (selected is not null)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    File.Move(selected.Path, path, overwrite: true);
+                    Logging.SaveLog("Recovered the newest valid interrupted restore runtime-state marker claim.");
+                    DeleteRestoreRuntimeClaims(path);
+                }
+                catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+                {
+                    if (TryReadRestoreRuntimeIntent(path) is not null)
+                    {
+                        // Another writer restored a valid primary marker; it is authoritative.
+                        DeleteRestoreRuntimeClaims(path);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    // Keep all claims when replacement failed: one of them may be the only
+                    // valid copy needed by a later startup.
+                    Logging.SaveLog("Abandoned restore runtime-state claim could not be moved to the primary marker: " + exception.Message);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            DeleteRestoreRuntimeClaims(path);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            Logging.SaveLog("Abandoned restore runtime-state claim could not be recovered: " + exception.Message);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static RuntimeRestartIntent? TryReadRestoreRuntimeIntent(string path)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            if (!File.Exists(path)) return null;
+            return JsonSerializer.Deserialize<RuntimeRestartIntent>(File.ReadAllText(path));
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException or JsonException)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static RestoreRuntimeClaim ReadRestoreRuntimeClaim(string claimPath)
+    {
+        RuntimeRestartIntent? intent = null;
+        try
+        {
+            intent = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<RuntimeRestartIntent>(File.ReadAllText(claimPath));
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException or JsonException)
+        {
+            Logging.SaveLog($"Ignoring invalid abandoned restore runtime-state claim {Path.GetFileName(claimPath)}: {exception.Message}");
+        }
+
+        DateTime lastWriteTimeUtc;
+        try { lastWriteTimeUtc = File.GetLastWriteTimeUtc(claimPath); }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            lastWriteTimeUtc = DateTime.MinValue;
+        }
+        return new RestoreRuntimeClaim(claimPath, intent, lastWriteTimeUtc);
+    }
+
+    private static void DeleteRestoreRuntimeClaims(string path, bool requireComplete = false)
+    {
+        var directory = Path.GetDirectoryName(path);
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(directory) || !Directory.Exists(directory)) return;
+        try
+        {
+            var pattern = Path.GetFileName(path) + ".consuming-*";
+            foreach (var claim in Directory.EnumerateFiles(directory, pattern, SearchOption.TopDirectoryOnly))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    File.Delete(claim);
+                }
+                catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+                {
+                    if (requireComplete) throw;
+                    Logging.SaveLog("Committed abandoned restore runtime-state claim could not be removed: " + exception.Message);
+                }
+            }
+            if (requireComplete && Directory.EnumerateFiles(directory, pattern, SearchOption.TopDirectoryOnly).Any())
+            {
+                throw new IOException("One or more abandoned restore runtime-state claims still exist.");
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            if (requireComplete) throw;
+            Logging.SaveLog("Committed abandoned restore runtime-state claims could not be removed: " + exception.Message);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed record RestoreRuntimeClaim(string Path, RuntimeRestartIntent? Intent, DateTime LastWriteTimeUtc);
+
+    private static void TryDeleteRestoreRuntimeState() =>
+        _ = CommitRestoreRuntimeStateAsync(RestoreRuntimeStatePath);
+
+    internal static Task DeleteRuntimeIntentAsync(string path)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(path)) File.Delete(path);
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            Logging.SaveLog("Runtime restart intent could not be removed: " + exception.Message);
+        }
+        return Task.CompletedTask;
+    }
+
+    private async Task WaitForRestoreShutdownRequestAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        Task? restartTask;
+        lock (_restoreShutdownGate)
+        {
+            restartTask = _restoreShutdownTask;
+        }
+        if (restartTask is not null)
+        {
+            await restartTask.WaitAsync(cancellationToken);
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static bool IsSafeBackupArchive(string archivePath)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var archiveInfo = new FileInfo(archivePath);
+            if (!archiveInfo.Exists || archiveInfo.Length is <= 0 or > MaxBackupArchiveBytes)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            using var archive = ZipFile.OpenRead(archivePath);
+            var configFiles = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+            if (archive.Entries.Count is 0 or > MaxBackupEntries)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            long expandedBytes = 0;
+            foreach (var entry in archive.Entries)
+            {
+                if (entry.Length < 0 || entry.Length > MaxBackupExpandedBytes)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                expandedBytes = checked(expandedBytes + entry.Length);
+                if (expandedBytes > MaxBackupExpandedBytes)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            foreach (var entry in archive.Entries)
+            {
+                var relative = entry.FullName.Replace('\\', '/');
+                var segments = relative.Split('/', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
+                if (Path.IsPathRooted(relative)
+                    || segments.Any(segment => segment is "." or "..")
+                    || relative.Contains(':')
+                    || ((entry.ExternalAttributes >> 16) & 0xF000) == 0xA000)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                if (entry.Length == 0)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                var guiConfigIndex = Array.IndexOf(segments, "guiConfigs");
+                if (guiConfigIndex < 0 || segments.Length != guiConfigIndex + 2)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if (!configFiles.Add(segments[^1]))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return configFiles.Contains(Global.ConfigFileName);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static bool TryExtractBackupConfig(string archivePath, string destinationDirectory)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            using var archive = ZipFile.OpenRead(archivePath);
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(destinationDirectory);
+            foreach (var entry in archive.Entries)
+            {
+                if (entry.Length == 0)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                var segments = entry.FullName.Replace('\\', '/').Split('/', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
+                var guiConfigIndex = Array.IndexOf(segments, "guiConfigs");
+                if (guiConfigIndex < 0 || segments.Length != guiConfigIndex + 2)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                var fileName = segments[^1];
+                if (string.Equals(fileName, WebAuthFileName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                using var source = entry.Open();
+                using var target = new FileStream(
+                    Path.Combine(destinationDirectory, fileName),
+                    FileMode.CreateNew,
+                    FileAccess.Write,
+                    FileShare.None);
+                source.CopyTo(target);
+            }
+
+            return File.Exists(Path.Combine(destinationDirectory, Global.ConfigFileName));
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static void CopyConfigForBackup(string sourceDirectory, string destinationDirectory) =>
+        FileUtils.CopyDirectory(sourceDirectory, destinationDirectory, recursive: false, overwrite: true, ignoredName: WebAuthFileName);
+
+    internal static void PrepareRestoredConfigDirectory(
+        string extractedConfigDirectory,
+        string currentConfigDirectory,
+        string candidateDirectory)
+    {
+        if (Directory.Exists(currentConfigDirectory))
+        {
+            CopyConfigDirectory(currentConfigDirectory, candidateDirectory);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(candidateDirectory);
+        }
+
+        foreach (var file in Directory.EnumerateFiles(extractedConfigDirectory, "*", SearchOption.TopDirectoryOnly))
+        {
+            if (string.Equals(Path.GetFileName(file), WebAuthFileName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            File.Copy(file, Path.Combine(candidateDirectory, Path.GetFileName(file)), overwrite: true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void CopyConfigDirectory(string sourceDirectory, string destinationDirectory)
+    {
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(destinationDirectory);
+        foreach (var sourceFile in Directory.EnumerateFiles(sourceDirectory, "*", SearchOption.TopDirectoryOnly))
+        {
+            File.Copy(sourceFile, Path.Combine(destinationDirectory, Path.GetFileName(sourceFile)), overwrite: true);
+        }
+        foreach (var sourceSubdirectory in Directory.EnumerateDirectories(sourceDirectory, "*", SearchOption.TopDirectoryOnly))
+        {
+            CopyConfigDirectory(sourceSubdirectory, Path.Combine(destinationDirectory, Path.GetFileName(sourceSubdirectory)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static void ReplaceConfigDirectory(string candidateDirectory, string configDirectory, string displacedDirectory)
+    {
+        var hadCurrentDirectory = Directory.Exists(configDirectory);
+        if (hadCurrentDirectory)
+        {
+            Directory.Move(configDirectory, displacedDirectory);
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            Directory.Move(candidateDirectory, configDirectory);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            if (hadCurrentDirectory && Directory.Exists(displacedDirectory) && !Directory.Exists(configDirectory))
+            {
+                Directory.Move(displacedDirectory, configDirectory);
+            }
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static bool IsValidBackupConfig(string configPath)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            using var document = JsonDocument.Parse(
+                File.ReadAllText(configPath),
+                new JsonDocumentOptions { CommentHandling = JsonCommentHandling.Skip });
+            return document.RootElement.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Object
+                && JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Config>(document.RootElement.GetRawText(), new JsonSerializerOptions
+                {
+                    PropertyNameCaseInsensitive = true,
+                    ReadCommentHandling = JsonCommentHandling.Skip,
+                }) is not null;
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception) when (exception is JsonException or IOException or UnauthorizedAccessException)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static async Task CopyWithLimitAsync(Stream input, Stream output, long limit, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var buffer = new byte[81920];
+        long total = 0;
+        while (true)
+        {
+            var read = await input.ReadAsync(buffer, cancellationToken);
+            if (read == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+            total += read;
+            if (total > limit)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidDataException("The backup archive exceeds the upload size limit.");
+            }
+            await output.WriteAsync(buffer.AsMemory(0, read), cancellationToken);
+        }
+    }
+}

v2rayN/v2rayN.WebAPI/Services/V2rayRuntime.Profiles.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,572 @@
+using ServiceLib;
+using ServiceLib.Common;
+using ServiceLib.Enums;
+using ServiceLib.Handler;
+using ServiceLib.Handler.Builder;
+using ServiceLib.Handler.Fmt;
+using ServiceLib.Manager;
+using ServiceLib.Models.Dto;
+using ServiceLib.Models.Entities;
+using ServiceLib.Services;
+using v2rayN.WebAPI.Contracts;
+
+namespace v2rayN.WebAPI.Services;
+
+public sealed partial class V2rayRuntime
+{
+    public async Task<IReadOnlyList<ProfileGroupView>> GetProfileGroupsAsync()
+    {
+        var subscriptions = await AppManager.Instance.SubItems() ?? [];
+        var profiles = await AppManager.Instance.ProfileItems(string.Empty) ?? [];
+        var counts = profiles.GroupBy(item => item.Subid).ToDictionary(group => group.Key, group => group.Count());
+        var groups = new List<ProfileGroupView>
+        {
+            new(string.Empty, "all", null, ApiMessageKeys.ProfilesAllGroup, profiles.Count, string.IsNullOrEmpty(Config.SubIndexId)),
+        };
+
+        groups.AddRange(subscriptions.Select(item => new ProfileGroupView(
+            item.Id,
+            "subscription",
+            item.Remarks,
+            null,
+            counts.GetValueOrDefault(item.Id),
+            item.Id == Config.SubIndexId)));
+
+        return groups;
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> SelectProfileGroupAsync(string? subscriptionId)
+    {
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(subscriptionId)
+            && await AppManager.Instance.GetSubItem(subscriptionId) is null)
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("subscription_not_found", ApiMessageKeys.SubscriptionNotFound);
+        }
+
+        await _mutations.RunAsync(async () =>
+        {
+            Config.SubIndexId = subscriptionId ?? string.Empty;
+            await EnsureConfigSaveSucceededAsync(() => ConfigHandler.SaveConfig(Config));
+        });
+        _events.Publish("profiles-changed", new { subscriptionId = Config.SubIndexId });
+        return OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.CommonCompleted, new { subscriptionId = Config.SubIndexId });
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> ImportProfilesAsync(ProfileImportRequest request)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(request.Content))
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_content_required", ApiMessageKeys.CommonInvalidInput, new { imported = 0 });
+        }
+
+        var groupId = request.SubscriptionId ?? Config.SubIndexId ?? string.Empty;
+        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(groupId) && await AppManager.Instance.GetSubItem(groupId) is null)
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("subscription_not_found", ApiMessageKeys.SubscriptionNotFound, new { imported = 0 });
+        }
+
+        var count = await _mutations.RunAsync(async () =>
+        {
+            var imported = await ConfigHandler.AddBatchServers(Config, request.Content, groupId, request.IsSubscription);
+            if (imported > 0)
+            {
+                await EnsureConfigSaveSucceededAsync(() => ConfigHandler.SaveConfig(Config));
+            }
+            return imported;
+        });
+        if (count <= 0)
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_import_empty", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileInvalid, new { imported = Math.Max(count, 0) });
+        }
+
+        _events.Publish("profiles-changed", new { subscriptionId = groupId });
+        AddLog("profile", $"Imported {count} profile(s).");
+        return OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.ProfileImported, new { imported = count });
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> SaveProfileAsync(ProfileItem profile, string? profileId = null)
+    {
+        if (profile is null)
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_data_required", ApiMessageKeys.CommonInvalidInput);
+        }
+
+        var isNew = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(profileId);
+        if (!isNew)
+        {
+            var existing = await AppManager.Instance.GetProfileItem(profileId!);
+            if (existing is null)
+            {
+                return OperationView.Fail("profile_not_found", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileNotFound);
+            }
+            if (!IsConfigTypeUnchanged(profile, existing))
+            {
+                return OperationView.Fail("profile_config_type_immutable", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileInvalid);
+            }
+            profile.IndexId = profileId!;
+            profile.Subid = existing.Subid;
+            profile.IsSub = existing.IsSub;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            profile.IndexId = string.Empty;
+            profile.Subid = Config.SubIndexId ?? string.Empty;
+            profile.IsSub = false;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(profile.Subid)
+                && await AppManager.Instance.GetSubItem(profile.Subid) is null)
+            {
+                AddLog("profile", $"Rejected profile creation for missing subscription group {profile.Subid}.");
+                return OperationView.Fail("subscription_not_found", ApiMessageKeys.SubscriptionNotFound,
+                    new { subscriptionId = profile.Subid });
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (profile.ConfigType.IsGroupType())
+        {
+            profile.CoreType ??= ECoreType.Xray;
+            var protocolExtra = profile.GetProtocolExtra();
+            var childIds = Utils.String2List(protocolExtra.ChildItems) ?? [];
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(profile.Remarks)
+                || (childIds.Count == 0 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(protocolExtra.SubChildItems))
+                || profile.CoreType is not (ECoreType.Xray or ECoreType.sing_box))
+            {
+                return OperationView.Fail("profile_group_invalid", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileInvalid);
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(protocolExtra.SubChildItems)
+                && await AppManager.Instance.GetSubItem(protocolExtra.SubChildItems) is null)
+            {
+                return OperationView.Fail("subscription_not_found", ApiMessageKeys.SubscriptionNotFound);
+            }
+            var children = await AppManager.Instance.GetProfileItemsByIndexIds(childIds);
+            if (children.Count != childIds.Distinct(StringComparer.Ordinal).Count()
+                || await GroupProfileManager.HasCycle(profile))
+            {
+                return OperationView.Fail("profile_group_children_invalid", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileInvalid);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (profile.ConfigType is EConfigType.Custom or EConfigType.Outbound)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(profile.Remarks) || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(profile.Address))
+            {
+                return OperationView.Fail("profile_validation_failed", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileInvalid);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (profile.ConfigType.IsComplexType())
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_complex_type_requires_import", ApiMessageKeys.CommonInvalidInput);
+        }
+        else if (!TryValidateProfile(profile, out var code, out var messageKey))
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail(code, messageKey);
+        }
+
+        var wasRunning = !isNew
+            && profile.IndexId == CurrentCoreRuntime.ProfileId
+            && CurrentCoreRuntime.State == CoreRuntimeState.Running;
+        int result;
+        try
+        {
+            result = await _mutations.RunAsync(() => profile.ConfigType.IsGroupType()
+                ? ConfigHandler.AddServerCommon(Config, profile)
+                : profile.ConfigType switch
+                {
+                    EConfigType.Custom when isNew => ConfigHandler.AddCustomServer(Config, profile, blDelete: false),
+                    EConfigType.Outbound when isNew => ConfigHandler.AddCustomOutboundServer(Config, profile, blDelete: false, toFile: true),
+                    EConfigType.Custom or EConfigType.Outbound => ConfigHandler.EditCustomServer(Config, profile),
+                    _ => ConfigHandler.AddServer(Config, profile),
+                });
+        }
+        catch (Exception exception)
+        {
+            AddLog("profile", $"Profile save failed for {profile.ConfigType} ({profile.IndexId}): {exception}");
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_persistence_failed", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileSaveFailed,
+                new { stage = "servicelib_or_sqlite_write", exceptionType = exception.GetType().Name, detail = exception.Message });
+        }
+        if (result != 0)
+        {
+            AddLog("profile", $"ServiceLib rejected profile save for {profile.ConfigType} ({profile.IndexId}); result={result}.");
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_save_rejected", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileSaveFailed,
+                new { stage = "servicelib_validation_or_persistence", result });
+        }
+
+        if (wasRunning)
+        {
+            var restart = await RestartCoreAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+            _events.Publish("profiles-changed", new { subscriptionId = Config.SubIndexId });
+            return restart.Success
+                ? OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.ProfileSaved, new { profileId = profile.IndexId, coreRestarted = true })
+                : OperationView.Fail("profile_saved_core_restart_failed", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileSaved,
+                    new { profileId = profile.IndexId, coreRestartRequired = true, coreResultCode = restart.Code });
+        }
+
+        _events.Publish("profiles-changed", new { subscriptionId = Config.SubIndexId });
+        return OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.ProfileSaved, new { profileId = profile.IndexId, coreRestarted = false });
+    }
+
+    internal static bool TryValidateProfile(ProfileItem profile, out string code, out string messageKey)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(profile.Remarks)
+            || string.IsNullOrEmpty(profile.Address)
+            || profile.Port <= 0
+            || profile.Port >= Global.MaxPort
+            || (profile.ConfigType is not EConfigType.SOCKS and not EConfigType.HTTP
+                && string.IsNullOrEmpty(profile.Password)))
+        {
+            code = "profile_validation_failed";
+            messageKey = ApiMessageKeys.ProfileInvalid;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        var protocolExtra = profile.GetProtocolExtra();
+        if (profile.ConfigType == EConfigType.Shadowsocks && string.IsNullOrEmpty(protocolExtra.SsMethod))
+        {
+            code = "profile_validation_failed";
+            messageKey = ApiMessageKeys.ProfileInvalid;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (profile.ConfigType == EConfigType.HTTP
+            && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(protocolExtra.HttpHeaders)
+            && JsonUtils.ParseJson(protocolExtra.HttpHeaders) is null)
+        {
+            code = "profile_http_headers_invalid";
+            messageKey = ApiMessageKeys.ProfileInvalid;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        code = "ok";
+        messageKey = string.Empty;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    internal static bool IsConfigTypeUnchanged(ProfileItem input, ProfileItem existing) =>
+        input.ConfigType == existing.ConfigType;
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> DeleteProfilesAsync(IEnumerable<string> profileIds)
+    {
+        var ids = profileIds.Where(id => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(id)).Distinct(StringComparer.Ordinal).ToArray();
+        if (ids.Length == 0)
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_selection_required", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileSelectRequired);
+        }
+
+        var selected = await AppManager.Instance.GetProfileItemsByIndexIds(ids);
+        if (selected.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_not_found", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileNotFound);
+        }
+
+        var runningProfileId = CurrentCoreRuntime.ProfileId;
+        var removesCurrent = ids.Contains(runningProfileId ?? Config.IndexId, StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        var wasRunning = CurrentCoreRuntime.State == CoreRuntimeState.Running;
+        if (removesCurrent && wasRunning)
+        {
+            var stop = await StopCoreAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+            if (!stop.Success)
+            {
+                return stop;
+            }
+        }
+
+        await _mutations.RunAsync(async () =>
+        {
+            if (await ConfigHandler.RemoveServers(Config, selected) != 0)
+            {
+                throw new IOException("ServiceLib could not remove the selected profiles.");
+            }
+            if (removesCurrent)
+            {
+                _ = await ConfigHandler.GetDefaultServer(Config);
+                await EnsureConfigSaveSucceededAsync(() => ConfigHandler.SaveConfig(Config));
+            }
+        });
+
+        if (removesCurrent && wasRunning && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(Config.IndexId))
+        {
+            var restart = await StartCoreAsync(null, CancellationToken.None);
+            _events.Publish("profiles-changed", new { subscriptionId = Config.SubIndexId });
+            return restart.Success
+                ? OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.ProfileDeleted, new { deleted = selected.Count, coreRestarted = true })
+                : OperationView.Fail("profiles_deleted_core_restart_failed", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileDeleted,
+                    new { deleted = selected.Count, coreRestartRequired = true, coreResultCode = restart.Code });
+        }
+
+        _events.Publish("profiles-changed", new { subscriptionId = Config.SubIndexId });
+        return OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.ProfileDeleted, new { deleted = selected.Count });
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> CopyProfilesAsync(IEnumerable<string> profileIds)
+    {
+        var ids = profileIds.Where(id => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(id)).Distinct(StringComparer.Ordinal).ToArray();
+        var items = await AppManager.Instance.GetProfileItemsOrderedByIndexIds(ids);
+        if (items.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_not_found", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileNotFound);
+        }
+
+        if (await _mutations.RunAsync(() => ConfigHandler.CopyServer(Config, items)) != 0)
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_copy_failed", ApiMessageKeys.CommonInvalidInput);
+        }
+        _events.Publish("profiles-changed", new { subscriptionId = Config.SubIndexId });
+        return OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.ProfileCopied, new { copied = items.Count });
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> MoveProfilesToGroupAsync(MoveProfilesRequest request)
+    {
+        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(request.SubscriptionId)
+            && await AppManager.Instance.GetSubItem(request.SubscriptionId) is null)
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("subscription_not_found", ApiMessageKeys.SubscriptionNotFound);
+        }
+
+        var items = await AppManager.Instance.GetProfileItemsByIndexIds(request.ProfileIds);
+        if (items.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_not_found", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileNotFound);
+        }
+
+        if (await _mutations.RunAsync(() => ConfigHandler.MoveToGroup(Config, items, request.SubscriptionId ?? string.Empty)) != 0)
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_move_failed", ApiMessageKeys.CommonInvalidInput);
+        }
+        _events.Publish("profiles-changed", new { subscriptionId = Config.SubIndexId });
+        return OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.ProfileMoved, new { moved = items.Count, subscriptionId = request.SubscriptionId });
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> MoveProfileAsync(MoveProfileRequest request)
+    {
+        var groupId = Config.SubIndexId ?? string.Empty;
+        var profiles = await GetProfilesAsync(groupId, null);
+        var orderedIds = profiles.Select(item => item.IndexId).ToList();
+        var index = orderedIds.IndexOf(request.ProfileId);
+        if (index < 0)
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_not_in_group", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileNotInGroup);
+        }
+
+        var result = await _mutations.RunAsync(() => ConfigHandler.MoveServer(Config, orderedIds, index, request.Direction, request.Position));
+        _events.Publish("profiles-changed", new { subscriptionId = groupId });
+        return result == 0
+            ? OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.ProfileOrderSaved)
+            : OperationView.Fail("profile_order_failed", ApiMessageKeys.CommonInvalidInput);
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> SortProfilesAsync(SortProfilesRequest request)
+    {
+        var groupId = request.SubscriptionId ?? Config.SubIndexId ?? string.Empty;
+        if (!Enum.TryParse<EServerColName>(request.Column, true, out _))
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_sort_column_invalid", ApiMessageKeys.CommonInvalidInput);
+        }
+
+        var result = await _mutations.RunAsync(() => ConfigHandler.SortServers(Config, groupId, request.Column, request.Ascending));
+        _events.Publish("profiles-changed", new { subscriptionId = groupId });
+        return result == 0
+            ? OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.ProfileOrderSaved)
+            : OperationView.Fail("profile_sort_failed", ApiMessageKeys.CommonInvalidInput);
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> RemoveDuplicateProfilesAsync(string? subscriptionId)
+    {
+        var result = await _mutations.RunAsync(() => ConfigHandler.DedupServerList(Config, subscriptionId ?? Config.SubIndexId ?? string.Empty));
+        _events.Publish("profiles-changed", new { subscriptionId = subscriptionId ?? Config.SubIndexId });
+        return OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.ProfileDeduplicated, new { removed = result.Item1 - result.Item2 });
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> RemoveInvalidProfilesAsync(string? subscriptionId)
+    {
+        var count = await _mutations.RunAsync(() => ConfigHandler.RemoveInvalidServerResult(Config, subscriptionId ?? Config.SubIndexId ?? string.Empty));
+        _events.Publish("profiles-changed", new { subscriptionId = subscriptionId ?? Config.SubIndexId });
+        return count < 0
+            ? OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.CommonCompleted, new { removed = 0 })
+            : OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.ProfileInvalidRemoved, new { removed = count });
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> GenerateProfileGroupsAsync(string? subscriptionId, bool byRegion)
+    {
+        SubItem? subscription = null;
+        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(subscriptionId))
+        {
+            subscription = await AppManager.Instance.GetSubItem(subscriptionId);
+            if (subscription is null)
+            {
+                return OperationView.Fail("subscription_not_found", ApiMessageKeys.SubscriptionNotFound);
+            }
+        }
+
+        var result = await _mutations.RunAsync(() => byRegion
+            ? ConfigHandler.AddGroupRegionServer(Config, subscription)
+            : ConfigHandler.AddGroupAllServer(Config, subscription));
+        if (!result.Success)
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("profile_group_empty", ApiMessageKeys.ProfileGrouped, result.Data);
+        }
+
+        _events.Publish("profiles-changed", new { subscriptionId = subscription?.Id ?? string.Empty });
+        return OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.ProfileGrouped, result.Data);
+    }
+
+    public async Task<IReadOnlyList<ProfileExportItem>> ExportProfileDataAsync(ProfileExportRequest request)
+    {
+        var items = await AppManager.Instance.GetProfileItemsOrderedByIndexIds(request.ProfileIds);
+        var output = new List<ProfileExportItem>();
+
+        if (request.IncludeShareUris)
+        {
+            var uris = items.Select(FmtHandler.GetShareUri).Where(uri => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(uri)).ToArray();
+            if (uris.Length > 0)
+            {
+                var content = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, uris) + Environment.NewLine;
+                output.Add(new(string.Empty, string.Empty, request.Base64ShareUris ? "share-uri-base64" : "share-uri",
+                    request.Base64ShareUris ? Utils.Base64Encode(content) : content));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (request.IncludeInnerUri && items.Count > 0)
+        {
+            var innerUri = InnerFmt.ToUri(items);
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(innerUri))
+            {
+                output.Add(new(string.Empty, string.Empty, "inner-uri", innerUri));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (request.IncludeClientConfig)
+        {
+            foreach (var item in items)
+            {
+            var (context, validation) = await CoreConfigContextBuilder.Build(Config, item);
+            if (validation.Success)
+            {
+                var generated = await CoreConfigHandler.GenerateClientConfig(context, null);
+                if (generated.Success && generated.Data is string configText)
+                {
+                    output.Add(new(item.IndexId, item.Remarks, "client-config", configText));
+                }
+            }
+            }
+        }
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    public async Task<string?> GetSubscriptionShareAsync(string id)
+    {
+        return (await AppManager.Instance.GetSubItem(id))?.Url;
+    }
+
+    public async Task<OperationView> StartSpeedTestAsync(SpeedTestRequest request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+        var action = request.Action == ESpeedActionType.FastRealping ? ESpeedActionType.Realping : request.Action;
+        var profiles = request.ProfileIds is { Length: > 0 }
+            ? await AppManager.Instance.GetProfileItemsOrderedByIndexIds(request.ProfileIds)
+            : await AppManager.Instance.ProfileItems(Config.SubIndexId ?? string.Empty) ?? [];
+        if (profiles.Count == 0)
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("speedtest_profile_selection_required", ApiMessageKeys.SpeedTestSelectRequired);
+        }
+
+        if (action != ESpeedActionType.Tcping
+            && profiles.Where(item => !item.ConfigType.IsComplexType())
+                .Any(item => AppManager.Instance.GetCoreType(item, item.ConfigType) is not (ECoreType.Xray or ECoreType.sing_box)))
+        {
+            return OperationView.Fail("speedtest_core_unsupported", ApiMessageKeys.SpeedTestUnsupportedCore);
+        }
+
+        lock (_speedtestGate)
+        {
+            if (_speedtestTask is { IsCompleted: false })
+            {
+                return OperationView.Fail("speedtest_busy", ApiMessageKeys.SpeedTestBusy);
+            }
+            var speedtestService = _speedtestService ??= CreateSpeedtestService();
+            var speedtestCancellation = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            _speedtestCancellation = speedtestCancellation;
+            _speedtestTask = Task.Run(async () =>
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    using var requested = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(_operations.ShutdownToken, speedtestCancellation.Token);
+                    await using var operation = await _operations.EnterOperationAsync(requested.Token);
+                    operation.Token.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+                    await speedtestService.RunLoop(action, profiles, operation.Token);
+                }
+                catch (OperationCanceledException) when (_operations.IsStopping)
+                {
+                    // Expected during graceful service shutdown.
+                }
+                catch (OperationCanceledException) when (speedtestCancellation.IsCancellationRequested)
+                {
+                    // Expected when the caller stops the active speed test.
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    AddLog("speedtest", ex.Message);
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    lock (_speedtestGate)
+                    {
+                        if (ReferenceEquals(_speedtestCancellation, speedtestCancellation))
+                        {
+                            _speedtestCancellation = null;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    speedtestCancellation.Dispose();
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        _events.Publish("speedtest-started", new
+        {
+            code = "speedtest_started",
+            messageKey = ApiMessageKeys.SpeedTestStarted,
+            action = System.Text.Json.JsonNamingPolicy.CamelCase.ConvertName(action.ToString()),
+            profileIds = profiles.Select(item => item.IndexId),
+        });
+        return OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.SpeedTestStarted, new { action = action.ToString(), profileCount = profiles.Count });
+    }
+
+    private SpeedtestService CreateSpeedtestService() => new(Config, result =>
+    {
+        int? delay = int.TryParse(result.Delay, System.Globalization.NumberStyles.Integer, System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var parsedDelay)
+            ? parsedDelay
+            : null;
+        decimal? speed = decimal.TryParse(result.Speed, System.Globalization.NumberStyles.Number, System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var parsedSpeed)
+            ? parsedSpeed
+            : null;
+        _events.Publish("speedtest-result", new
+        {
+            code = ApiMessageKeys.SpeedTestResult,
+            messageKey = ApiMessageKeys.SpeedTestResult,
+            indexId = result.IndexId,
+            delay,
+            speed,
+            ipInfo = result.IpInfo,
+            rawResult = delay is null && speed is null ? (result.Delay ?? result.Speed) : null,
+        });
+        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(result.IndexId))
+        {
+            AddLog("speedtest", $"{result.IndexId}: delay={result.Delay}, speed={result.Speed}");
+        }
+        return Task.CompletedTask;
+    });
+
+    public OperationView StopSpeedTests()
+    {
+        lock (_speedtestGate)
+        {
+            _speedtestCancellation?.Cancel();
+            _speedtestService?.ExitLoop();
+        }
+        return OperationView.Ok(ApiMessageKeys.CommonCompleted);
+    }
+
+    public IReadOnlyList<string> GetRunningSubscriptionUpdates()
+    {
+        lock (_subscriptionGate)
+        {
+            return _subscriptionTasks.Where(pair => !pair.Value.IsCompleted).Select(pair => pair.Key).ToArray();
+        }
+    }
+}